Podcast
Questions and Answers
The central dogma consists of two stages: ______ and translation.
The central dogma consists of two stages: ______ and translation.
transcription
The process of creating a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template is called ______.
The process of creating a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template is called ______.
transcription
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript undergoes several processing steps including 5' ______ and splicing.
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript undergoes several processing steps including 5' ______ and splicing.
capping
The process of building a polypeptide chain from amino acids using the messenger RNA sequence is called ______.
The process of building a polypeptide chain from amino acids using the messenger RNA sequence is called ______.
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The set of rules that maps mRNA sequences to amino acids is called the ______ code.
The set of rules that maps mRNA sequences to amino acids is called the ______ code.
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During ______, the polypeptide chain assumes its native conformation.
During ______, the polypeptide chain assumes its native conformation.
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The process of removing a peptide bond is called ______.
The process of removing a peptide bond is called ______.
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The process of adding a carbohydrate molecule to a polypeptide chain is called ______.
The process of adding a carbohydrate molecule to a polypeptide chain is called ______.
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis
Central Dogma
- The process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to proteins
- Consists of two stages: transcription and translation
Transcription
- The process of creating a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template
- Occurs in the nucleus (eukaryotes) or cytoplasm (prokaryotes)
- Initiated when an RNA polymerase enzyme binds to the DNA template
- Results in the formation of a primary transcript (pre-mRNA)
Processing of Pre-mRNA
- In eukaryotes, the primary transcript undergoes several processing steps:
- 5' capping: addition of a specialized nucleotide to the 5' end
- Splicing: removal of introns (non-coding regions) and joining of exons (coding regions)
- 3' polyadenylation: addition of a poly-A tail to the 3' end
Translation
- The process of building a polypeptide chain from amino acids using the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence
- Occurs in the ribosomes
- Initiated when an mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome
- Requires two types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
The Genetic Code
- The set of rules that maps mRNA sequences to amino acids
- Consists of 64 possible codons (sequences of three nucleotides)
- Each codon specifies one of the 20 amino acids or a stop signal
- Degeneracy: multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
- Initiation: the ribosome binds to the mRNA and the first amino acid is brought into place
- Elongation: amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain
- Termination: the polypeptide chain is released when a stop codon is reached
Post-Translational Modifications
- Chemical modifications made to the polypeptide chain after translation
- Examples:
- Folding: the polypeptide chain assumes its native conformation
- Hydrolysis: the removal of a peptide bond
- Phosphorylation: the addition of a phosphate group
- Glycosylation: the addition of a carbohydrate molecule
Protein Synthesis
Central Dogma
- Genomic information is transferred from DNA to proteins through transcription and translation
- These two stages enable cells to express genetic traits
Transcription
- RNA polymerase enzyme binds to DNA template, initiating transcription
- Complementary RNA copy is created from DNA template
- Primary transcript (pre-mRNA) is formed in the nucleus (eukaryotes) or cytoplasm (prokaryotes)
Processing of Pre-mRNA
- In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA undergoes:
- 5' capping: specialized nucleotide added to 5' end
- Splicing: introns removed, exons joined
- 3' polyadenylation: poly-A tail added to 3' end
Translation
- Ribosomes build polypeptide chains from amino acids using mRNA sequence
- mRNA binds to ribosome, initiating translation
- mRNA and tRNA are required for translation
The Genetic Code
- Set of rules mapping mRNA sequences to amino acids
- 64 possible codons (sequences of three nucleotides)
- Codons specify one of 20 amino acids or a stop signal
- Degeneracy: multiple codons code for the same amino acid
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
- Initiation: ribosome binds to mRNA, first amino acid is placed
- Elongation: amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain
- Termination: polypeptide chain is released when a stop codon is reached
Post-Translational Modifications
- Chemical modifications made to the polypeptide chain after translation
- Examples:
- Folding: polypeptide chain assumes native conformation
- Hydrolysis: removal of a peptide bond
- Phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group
- Glycosylation: addition of a carbohydrate molecule
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Description
This quiz covers the process of protein synthesis, including the central dogma, transcription, and processing of pre-mRNA.
