30 Questions
What is the purpose of adding or subtracting pieces in protein families?
To maintain similar yet distinct proteins
In the context of reversible covalent modifications, what is Myristic Acid?
A fatty acid
What type of additions result in the greatest source of diversity to the proteome?
Carbohydrates
What is the function of ADP-ribose in the context of reversible covalent modifications?
To regulate protein function
What does the color green represent in the structures?
Nucleotides
What does the term 'nonproteinogenic amino acids' refer to?
Amino acids that are not involved in protein synthesis
Which type of linkage contributes to the composition of sugars in reversible covalent modifications?
O-linkages
What is the purpose of reversible covalent modifications in proteins?
To activate or inactivate enzymes
What is the main function of Myristic Acid in reversible covalent modifications?
To activate or inactivate enzymes
What is the equilibrium constant defined as for the reaction E + S ⇌ E·S?
k1/k-1
In the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model, what does 'Km' represent?
The concentration of substrate where reaction rate is half maximal
What does 'kcat' represent in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model?
Number of substrate molecules converted per active site per time
What is the equilibrium constant (KS) defined as for the reaction E + S ⇌ E·S in terms of k-1 and k1?
(k1)([E][S])/(k-1[E·S])
What assumption can be made when not much product is present?
[E·P] ≈ 0
What does 'νmax' represent in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model?
The maximum rate possible for a given concentration of enzyme
What does 'Ks' represent in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model?
[S] where reaction rate is half maximal
Which variable represents a measure of enzyme performance predicting the fate of E·S in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model?
kcat/Km
In the context of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, what component of the reaction can be ignored when not much product is present?
$k_3$
In the reaction E + S ⇌ E·S, what does 'k-1' represent?
$E·S \rightarrow k_{-1}$
What is the reaction rate model called where E + S ⇌ E·S?
$k_1$ Reaction Model
What is the equation for making a LINEAR plot (Scatchard Plot) using the scenario n = 1?
[E·S] = E·S / Kd
What does the term 'fractional saturation' represent in the context of Cooperativity?
The fraction of protein molecules that contain ligand
In the Hill Equation, what does the slope represent for a cooperative binder where n > 1?
nH Log (θ/1-θ)
What is the interpretation of a Hill Coefficient (nH) equal to 1 in terms of cooperativity?
No cooperativity (sites are independent)
What does the Hill Plot look like when nH > 1?
Non-linear
What does the term 'Allostery' refer to in the context of cooperativity?
Binding of each subsequent ligand influences the affinity of the next ligand to bind an active site
What is the approximate formula for θ in the case of a perfectly cooperative binder (where n > 1)?
(S^n) / (KD + S^n)
What does the x-intercept represent in a LINEAR plot (Scatchard Plot) using the scenario n = 1?
[E·S] / Kd
What does the term 'Hill Coefficients' (nH) equal to 0 < nH < 1 represent in terms of cooperativity?
Negative cooperativity (affinity decreases)
What is the interpretation of a Hill Coefficient (nH) greater than 1 in terms of cooperativity?
'Strong' cooperativity
Test your knowledge on protein interaction, structure, and the impact of molecule addition or subtraction. Identify different molecules by color coding and understand the role of protein families in biological processes.
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