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Questions and Answers
What is malnutrition?
What is malnutrition?
Malnutrition occurs with various degrees of clinical and biochemical findings due to lacking intake of energy and all nutrients for a long time.
What does Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) primarily affect?
What does Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) primarily affect?
Insufficient feeding, infections, and congenital abnormalities are examples of the primary reasons of ______.
Insufficient feeding, infections, and congenital abnormalities are examples of the primary reasons of ______.
PEM
Low weight for age indicates both acute and chronic malnutrition.
Low weight for age indicates both acute and chronic malnutrition.
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Which of the following is measured using the Gomez classification?
Which of the following is measured using the Gomez classification?
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What is the significance of a child's weight in the Gomez classification?
What is the significance of a child's weight in the Gomez classification?
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Match the levels of hydration status with their corresponding symptoms:
Match the levels of hydration status with their corresponding symptoms:
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What component in Normal ORS has a higher amount compared to ReSoMal?
What component in Normal ORS has a higher amount compared to ReSoMal?
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Study Notes
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
- Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a group of syndromes caused by inadequate energy and protein intake.
- It's commonly seen in infants and young children and often accompanied by infections.
- In 2008, PEM was a major contributor to childhood deaths globally.
Global Trends in Malnutrition
- Prevalence of moderate-to-severe malnutrition in children under five has been declining across regions since 1990.
- Africa had the highest prevalence in 1990 (27.3%) and 2008 (24%), whereas Asia had the highest number of children affected in 1990 (141.3 million) and 2008 (178 million).
- The developing world as a whole saw a significant decrease from 32.1% prevalence in 1990 to 22% in 2008.
Causes of PEM
- Primary Causes: Insufficient feeding, lack of education about nutrition, premature birth, fetal malnutrition, and congenital abnormalities.
- Secondary Causes: Gastrointestinal dysfunctions, chronic diseases (lung, kidney, cardiovascular), and infections, which can increase metabolic rate.
Nutritional Status Evaluation
- Short stature for age (Stunted): Indicates long-term/chronic malnutrition.
- Low weight/underweight for height (Wasted): Indicates acute malnutrition.
- Underweight for age (Underweight): Indicates both acute and chronic malnutrition.
2008-2013 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) Findings
- Prevalence of stunting in Turkish children under five was around 10%.
- Wasting prevalence was around 1%
- Overall underweight prevalence was around 3%.
Gomez Classification
- Used for malnutrition detection.
- Compares a child's weight to a healthy peer of the same age.
- Calculation: (Child's weight / Healthy peer's weight) x 100
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Categories:
- Normal: >90%
- 1st Degree (Mild): 75-89%
- 2nd Degree (Moderate): 60-74%
- 3rd Degree (Severe): <60%
Assessment of Hydration Status
- Mild: Alert mental status, mild dry oral mucosa, no tenting, normal peripheral pulses.
- Moderate: Depressed mental status, dry oral mucosa, 2-second tenting, weak peripheral pulses.
- Severe: Coma, no response to stimulus, "parrot" oral mucosa, no felt peripheral pulses.
Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS) for Diarrhea and Malnutrition
- Normal ORS: Contains glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and citrate.
- ReSoMal (Rehydration Solution for Malnutrition): Contains higher concentrations of glucose, sodium, and potassium, and is often used for severe dehydration.
Treatment of Dehydration
- Mild: ReSoMal, 50cc/kg oral rehydration.
- Moderate: ReSoMal, 80cc/kg oral rehydration or intravenous (IV) fluids.
- Severe: IV fluids.
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Description
This quiz explores the syndromes associated with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), highlighting its impact on infants and children globally. It includes insights on the trend of malnutrition prevalence, major causes of PEM, and the decline in malnutrition rates since 1990.
