26.4 Nutrients and Their Digestion

What enzyme is released from the salivary glands to begin the breakdown of starch?

Why are proteolytic enzymes of the stomach and pancreas synthesized in inactive forms?

Which enzyme is activated to pepsin within the low pH of the stomach for initiating protein digestion?

How are proteins broken down into amino acids during digestion?

What is the main role of proteolytic enzymes or proteases in protein digestion?

Where are all proteolytic enzymes released from in their inactive forms?

What happens to chylomicrons when they reach blood capillary walls?

How are blobs of lipid separated into smaller micelles within the lumen of the small intestine?

What role do the endothelial cells of lacteals play in the absorption of chylomicrons?

How are triglycerides handled within epithelial cells of the small intestine?

What is the fate of chylomicrons once they are formed within epithelial cells?

In individuals with cystic fibrosis, what effect does the blocking of pancreatic ducts have on lipid digestion?

What is the unifying property of lipids?

Which enzyme is responsible for limited digestion of triglycerides in the stomach?

What is the optimal pH range for lingual lipase?

Which of the following is NOT involved in the digestion of lipids in the stomach?

Which of the following is true about the breakdown of cholesterol?

Where does triglyceride digestion primarily continue?

What inhibits the transport protein ferroportin in the GI tract?

Which vitamins are categorized as fat-soluble vitamins?

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed into epithelial cells?

What mechanism is used for the absorption of water-soluble vitamins?

Which vitamin requires receptor-mediated endocytosis for its absorption?

What is the glycoprotein released from parietal cells of the stomach that aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12?

How is fluid balance maintained in the body when blood moves through capillaries?

What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body's fluid balance?

What happens to excess electrolytes consumed through diet?

How does diarrhea impact potassium (K+) levels in the body?

What is the role of hepcidin in iron absorption?

How does the small intestine contribute to electrolyte absorption?

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules in maltose?

What enzyme specifically digests sucrose into glucose and fructose?

Individuals lacking which enzyme are referred to as being lactose intolerant?

What are the monosaccharides released from the enzymatic digestion of disaccharides?

Where are the monosaccharides absorbed into the blood during digestion?

Which enzyme converts fructose and galactose into glucose in the liver?

What enzyme is responsible for the digestion of starch in the oral cavity?

Which enzyme in the stomach is involved in limited digestion of triglycerides?

What enzyme in the small intestine is responsible for breaking down maltose into glucose?

In lipid absorption, what specialized steps do hydrophobic molecules like lipids require?

Which enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose?

Where does the activation of pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin occur?

What is the main difference between micelles and chylomicrons?

Where are chylomicrons formed?

How do micelles transport lipids to the simple columnar epithelial lining?

What is the process by which fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides to form triglycerides within epithelial cells?

How are bile salts recovered from the GI tract back into the blood for recycling to the liver?

What is a key function of chylomicrons once they are formed within epithelial cells?

What role does intrinsic factor play in the absorption of vitamin B12?

Where do the B12–intrinsic factor complexes bind to receptors for absorption?

What condition can result from a lack of intrinsic factor?

How is the interaction between intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 described?

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is essential for the absorption of the B12–intrinsic factor complexes?

What enzyme is responsible for breaking the bond between the sugar and the nitrogenous base of a nucleoside?

Where are nucleic acid component building blocks absorbed?

What is the main site for both chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients?

What kind of digestion occurs within the stomach?

Which accessory digestive organ secretions are released into the duodenum to facilitate digestion in the small intestine?

Where do the final changes to chyme occur?

What is the enzyme responsible for breaking the bond between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides?

Where does starch digestion continue within the small intestine?

Which enzyme specifically digests sucrose to glucose and fructose?

What type of muscle contractions are weakest within the fundus of the stomach?

Individuals with a lack of which enzyme are referred to as lactose intolerant?

Which enzyme completes the breakdown of starch into individual glucose molecules in the small intestine?

What disaccharides are digested by specific brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

Which enzyme breaks the bond between two glucose molecules in maltose?

What are the monosaccharides released from the enzymatic digestion of disaccharides?

Which enzyme is produced and secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine for digestion?

Which type of enzymes are dextrinase, glucoamylase, and maltase?

Where is the completion of starch breakdown accomplished in the small intestine?

What is the main function of bile salts in the process of lipid digestion?

What role does lecithin play in the process of lipid digestion?

After pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids, where are these products absorbed?

What happens to triglycerides after they are chemically digested by pancreatic lipase?

In lipid digestion, what is the function of chylomicrons formed within epithelial cells?

What is the final destination of chylomicrons after they are released from epithelial cells?

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach during protein digestion?

Why are proteolytic enzymes synthesized and released in their inactive forms?

What enzyme is primarily responsible for chemically digesting proteins into shorter strands of amino acids within the stomach?

What happens to protein digestion when chyme enters the small intestine?

What is the primary function of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase in protein digestion?

What enzyme is activated in the stomach for initiating protein digestion due to the low pH?

Where does the majority of water absorption in the gastrointestinal tract occur?

What is the approximate daily amount of water that enters the small intestine?

How much water is absorbed by the large intestine daily?

By what process is water absorbed across the epithelial lining of the small and large intestines?

How much water, on average, is lost daily in feces after absorption in the digestive system?

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract absorbs most of the water that enters it?