26.4 Nutrients and Their Digestion
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Questions and Answers

What enzyme is released from the salivary glands to begin the breakdown of starch?

  • Amylase (correct)
  • Trypsin
  • Pepsin
  • Lipase

    • Why are proteolytic enzymes of the stomach and pancreas synthesized in inactive forms?

  • To prevent self-digestion of organs (correct)
  • To reduce their efficiency
  • To make them taste better
  • To speed up the digestion process

    • Which enzyme is activated to pepsin within the low pH of the stomach for initiating protein digestion?

  • Trypsin
  • Pepsinogen (correct)
  • Chymotrypsin
  • Lipase

    • How are proteins broken down into amino acids during digestion?

    <p>By breaking peptide bonds between specific adjacent amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of proteolytic enzymes or proteases in protein digestion?

    <p>To release individual amino acids from proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are all proteolytic enzymes released from in their inactive forms?

    <p>Both the stomach and pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chylomicrons when they reach blood capillary walls?

    <p>They enter the lacteals due to their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are blobs of lipid separated into smaller micelles within the lumen of the small intestine?

    <p>By mechanical digestion with bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the endothelial cells of lacteals play in the absorption of chylomicrons?

    <p>Act as one-way valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are triglycerides handled within epithelial cells of the small intestine?

    <p>Reassembled and packed into chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of chylomicrons once they are formed within epithelial cells?

    <p>Absorbed into lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with cystic fibrosis, what effect does the blocking of pancreatic ducts have on lipid digestion?

    <p>Reduced pancreatic lipase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unifying property of lipids?

    <p>Hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for limited digestion of triglycerides in the stomach?

    <p>Gastric lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal pH range for lingual lipase?

    <p>4.5 - 5.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT involved in the digestion of lipids in the stomach?

    <p>Bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the breakdown of cholesterol?

    <p>Requires chemical digestion for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does triglyceride digestion primarily continue?

    <p>In the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inhibits the transport protein ferroportin in the GI tract?

    <p>Hepcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are categorized as fat-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Vitamin A, D, E, and K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed into epithelial cells?

    <p>With lipids within micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is used for the absorption of water-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Simple diffusion and active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin requires receptor-mediated endocytosis for its absorption?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glycoprotein released from parietal cells of the stomach that aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12?

    <p>Intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fluid balance maintained in the body when blood moves through capillaries?

    <p>Water leaves the blood to enter the interstitial and systemic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body's fluid balance?

    <p>Maintaining fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess electrolytes consumed through diet?

    <p>They are eliminated in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diarrhea impact potassium (K+) levels in the body?

    <p>It leads to excessive loss of K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hepcidin in iron absorption?

    <p>It controls iron absorption by releasing from the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the small intestine contribute to electrolyte absorption?

    <p>It absorbs almost all of the electrolytes from the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules in maltose?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme specifically digests sucrose into glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals lacking which enzyme are referred to as being lactose intolerant?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monosaccharides released from the enzymatic digestion of disaccharides?

    <p>Glucose, fructose, and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the monosaccharides absorbed into the blood during digestion?

    <p>Small intestine epithelial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts fructose and galactose into glucose in the liver?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for the digestion of starch in the oral cavity?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in the stomach is involved in limited digestion of triglycerides?

    <p>Gastric lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme in the small intestine is responsible for breaking down maltose into glucose?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lipid absorption, what specialized steps do hydrophobic molecules like lipids require?

    <p>Formation of micelles for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the activation of pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin occur?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between micelles and chylomicrons?

    <p>Micelles contain digested triglycerides, whereas chylomicrons are formed within epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are chylomicrons formed?

    <p>In the Golgi apparatus of epithelial cells lining the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do micelles transport lipids to the simple columnar epithelial lining?

    <p>By simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides to form triglycerides within epithelial cells?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bile salts recovered from the GI tract back into the blood for recycling to the liver?

    <p>By active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of chylomicrons once they are formed within epithelial cells?

    <p>To transport lipids to the simple columnar epithelial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intrinsic factor play in the absorption of vitamin B12?

    <p>Forms a complex with vitamin B12 and transports it through the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the B12–intrinsic factor complexes bind to receptors for absorption?

    <p>Distal ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a lack of intrinsic factor?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the interaction between intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 described?

    <p>As a synergetic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is essential for the absorption of the B12–intrinsic factor complexes?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for breaking the bond between the sugar and the nitrogenous base of a nucleoside?

    <p>Nucleosidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are nucleic acid component building blocks absorbed?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main site for both chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of digestion occurs within the stomach?

    <p>Both mechanical and chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory digestive organ secretions are released into the duodenum to facilitate digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Pancreatic secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the final changes to chyme occur?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for breaking the bond between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides?

    <p>Dextrinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does starch digestion continue within the small intestine?

    <p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme specifically digests sucrose to glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contractions are weakest within the fundus of the stomach?

    <p>Smooth muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with a lack of which enzyme are referred to as lactose intolerant?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme completes the breakdown of starch into individual glucose molecules in the small intestine?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disaccharides are digested by specific brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

    <p>Maltose and sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks the bond between two glucose molecules in maltose?

    <p>Maltase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monosaccharides released from the enzymatic digestion of disaccharides?

    <p>Glucose, fructose, and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is produced and secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine for digestion?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes are dextrinase, glucoamylase, and maltase?

    <p>Brush border enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the completion of starch breakdown accomplished in the small intestine?

    <p>Small Intestine lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile salts in the process of lipid digestion?

    <p>Facilitating the chemical digestion of triglycerides by pancreatic lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does lecithin play in the process of lipid digestion?

    <p>Facilitating the formation of micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids, where are these products absorbed?

    <p>Lacteal within the lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to triglycerides after they are chemically digested by pancreatic lipase?

    <p>They are re-formed within epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lipid digestion, what is the function of chylomicrons formed within epithelial cells?

    <p>Transport lipids to lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final destination of chylomicrons after they are released from epithelial cells?

    <p>Lacteals in the lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach during protein digestion?

    <p>Denatures proteins to facilitate their chemical breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are proteolytic enzymes synthesized and released in their inactive forms?

    <p>To protect against auto-digestion of cells that produce them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is primarily responsible for chemically digesting proteins into shorter strands of amino acids within the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to protein digestion when chyme enters the small intestine?

    <p>Protein digestion is inhibited by the high pH of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase in protein digestion?

    <p>Continuing the digestion of proteins in inactive forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is activated in the stomach for initiating protein digestion due to the low pH?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of water absorption in the gastrointestinal tract occur?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily amount of water that enters the small intestine?

    <p>8 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is absorbed by the large intestine daily?

    <p>1.8 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what process is water absorbed across the epithelial lining of the small and large intestines?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water, on average, is lost daily in feces after absorption in the digestive system?

    <p>200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gastrointestinal tract absorbs most of the water that enters it?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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