Protein Denaturation and Calculations

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Questions and Answers

Why is copper (Cu) considered a transition metal?

Copper is considered a transition metal because it can form stable ions with an incomplete d-subshell (Cu2+ has a d9 configuration), even though its neutral atom has a filled d-subshell.

What is the key difference in reactivity between haloalkanes and haloarenes, and why does this difference occur?

Haloarenes are generally less reactive than haloalkanes due to resonance stabilization of the aryl-halogen bond which increases bond strength, and the sp2 hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to the halogen, making the bond shorter and stronger.

Explain why ethers possess a dipole moment even when the alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom are identical.

Ethers possess a dipole moment because the C-O bonds are polar due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen. The bent structure of ethers results in the individual bond dipoles not canceling each other out, leading to a net dipole moment.

In the context of coordination complexes, how do weak field ligands differ from strong field ligands, and what effect does this have on the electronic properties of the complex?

<p>Weak field ligands cause a small splitting of the d-orbitals in a coordination complex, leading to high-spin complexes and often resulting in more unpaired electrons. Strong field ligands cause a larger splitting, leading to low-spin complexes with fewer unpaired electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ambident ligands and provide an example. What characteristic of these ligands leads to their unique behavior?

<p>Ambident ligands are ligands that can coordinate to a metal ion through more than one atom, but can only bond through one atom at a time. An example is the cyanide ion (CN-), which can coordinate through either the carbon or the nitrogen atom. This is possible due to the presence of multiple potential donor atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states. Link this property to their role as catalysts.

<p>Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states due to the small energy difference between their (n-1)d and ns orbitals, allowing for the loss of different numbers of electrons. This ability to readily change oxidation states is crucial for their role as catalysts, as they can facilitate electron transfer in redox reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'denaturation' of a protein and give an example of how it can happen?

<p>Denaturation of a protein is the loss of its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, leading to a loss of function. It can be caused by factors such as heat, pH changes, or exposure to certain chemicals; for example, the coagulation of egg white when heated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iodoform test in organic chemistry, and what specific structural feature in a molecule is detected by this test?

<p>The iodoform test is used to detect the presence of a methyl ketone (CH3CO-) group or a secondary alcohol with a methyl group on the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group (CH3CH(OH)-). A positive test is indicated by the formation of a yellow precipitate of iodoform (CHI3).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reaction of >C=C< differ from one of a >C=O group in chemical reactions, particularly concerning addition reactions?

<p>The carbon-carbon double bond (&gt;C=C&lt;) is less polar than the carbon-oxygen double bond (&gt;C=O). This makes &gt;C=C&lt; less susceptible to nucleophilic attack and more prone to electrophilic addition. &gt;C=O is more susceptible to nucleophilic addition due to the partial positive charge on the carbon atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the observation that zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf) have almost identical radii, despite hafnium having a significantly larger atomic number.

<p>Zr and Hf have similar radii due to the lanthanide contraction. The filling of the 4f orbitals in the lanthanide series before hafnium results in a greater effective nuclear charge and contraction of the electron cloud, counteracting the expected increase in size due to the additional electron shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is denaturation of protein?

The disruption of a protein's native state, causing it to lose its biological activity.

Examples of protein denaturation

Coagulation of egg white on boiling, curding of milk, and formation of cheese when acid is added to milk.

Preferred colligative property for molar mass

The colligative property preferred for measuring molar mass, especially for polymers, due to its significant effect even at low concentrations.

Pseudo First Order Reaction

Reactions where one reactant is in large excess, making its concentration appear constant and the reaction rate dependent only on the other reactant.

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What are Ambident ligands?

Ligands that can bind to a central metal atom through more than one atom.

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What is formalin solution?

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde, typically used as a disinfectant or preservative.

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What is carbylamine reaction?

Test for primary amines involving the reaction of the amine with chloroform and a base to form an isocyanide, recognized by its foul smell.

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What is the Lucas test?

The Lucas test distinguishes between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reactivity with Lucas reagent (HCl and ZnClâ‚‚).

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What is Hinsberg's test?

Hinsberg's reagent (sulfonyl chloride) reacts differently with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, allowing for their differentiation.

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Haloalkane vs. Haloarene

Haloalkanes have an alkyl group bonded to a halogen, while haloarenes have a halogen bonded directly to an aromatic ring.

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Study Notes

  • Denaturation of protein alters tertiary and quaternary structures, leaving primary structures intact
  • Denaturation examples: coagulation of boiled egg white, milk curdling, cheese formation with acid

Denaturation Questions

  • Denaturation is the process where a protein's structure is altered
  • Denaturation examples include coagulation of egg white upon boiling, curding of milk, and cheese formation when acid is added
  • Primary structures remain intact during denaturation
  • Denaturation causes structural changes in proteins
  • During denaturation, proteins lose their activity

Two-Mark Questions

  • Colligative property is preferred for molar mass measurement
  • Mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample containing 95% ethanol by mass calculation
  • Molarity calculation of a commercially available 38% HCl sulfuric acid sample with a density of 1.19 g/mL^−1
  • Half-life calculation for a first-order reaction with K = 4.93 x 10^−4 s^−1
  • Two-thirds life calculation for a first-order reaction with K = 5.48 x 10^−14 s^−1
  • Pseudo-first-order reaction definition and examples
  • Cell constant definition and units
  • Definition of Ambident ligands
  • Short note on coupling reactions
  • Ethers possess dipole moments even with identical alkyl radicals
  • Formalin solution definition and one use case
  • Carbylamine reaction description
  • Vitamin A's chemical name and deficiency disease
  • One example of the Gattermann reaction
  • Difference between weak field and strong field ligands
  • Reason for copper's classification as a transition metal
  • Acetic acid conductivity (0.00214 M is 7.8 x 10^-5 S cm^-1) to calculate molar conductivity and degree of dissociation

Three-Mark Questions

  • Calculation of Ecell for a reaction and writing the Nernst equation: Mg(s) | Mg^2+(0.001M) || Cu^2+(0.0001M) | Cu(s)
    • E°(Mg^2+ | Mg) = -2.37 V
    • E°(Cu^2+ | Cu) = 0.34 V
  • Calculation of Ecell for a reaction and writing the Nernst equation: Sn(s) | Sn^2+(0.050M) || H^+(0.020M) | H2(g)
    • E°(Sn^2+ | Sn) = -0.14 V
    • E°(H^+ | H) = 0.00 V
  • A first-order reaction is completed 50% in 30 minutes, calculate the time it takes for completion of 75% of the reaction

Additional Questions

  • The C-O-C bond angle in ether is generally greater than the H-O-H bond angle in water, despite sp3 hybridization in both cases
  • Lucas test describes the method to distinguish between 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols
  • Hinsberg's test distinguishes between 1°, 2°, and 3° amines

Five-Mark Questions

  • Transition metals exhibiting variable oxidation states
  • Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) exhibit almost identical radii due to lanthanide contraction
  • Transition metals and their compounds acting as catalysts
  • Reasons for the E° value for the Mn^3+/Mn^2+ couple being more positive than that for Fe^3+/Fe^2+
  • Iron has a higher enthalpy of atomization than copper
  • Sc^3+ is colorless in aqueous solution, while Ti^3+ is colored
  • The Fittig reaction
  • Sulphonation of haloarene
  • Hunsdiecker reaction
  • Nitration of haloarene
  • Wurtz reaction
  • The difference between Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
  • Definition of the Iodoform Test

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