Protein Chemistry Fundamentals

Which element is found in proteins but is not typically found in carbohydrates or lipids?

What is the approximate average percentage of nitrogen content in proteins?

How many standard amino acids are typically found in proteins?

What determines the unique identity of a particular amino acid?

A molecule that has both a positive and negative electrical charge is known as what?

What is the property of amino acids that allows them to act as both an acid and a base?

Under what pH conditions does a zwitterion accept a proton (H+) and form a positively charged ion?

Which of these amino acids possess a sulfur atom?

Which of the following amino acids is classified as a nonpolar aliphatic amino acid?

Which of the following characteristics is most typical of nonpolar amino acids when incorporated into a protein's structure?

A polar neutral amino acid is characterized by having what?

Which amino acid is acidic?

Which of these amino acids is considered polar basic?

What is the determining factor that identifies an amino acid as the D or L isomer?

Which isomer of amino acids is found in proteins of living organisms?

Which classification of amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through the diet?

Which type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?

According to IUPAC rules for naming peptides, what suffix is applied to all amino acid residues except the C-terminal residue?

What is the IUPAC name for the tripeptide Gly-Ser-Ala?

Which of the following peptides regulates the excretion of water by the kidneys?

Which small peptide hormone is known for stimulating uterine contractions during labor?

What type of peptide neurotransmitter is produced by the brain to reduce pain?

Which peptide is known for its antioxidant properties and acts as a regulator of oxidation-reduction reactions in cells?

What distinguishes proteins from peptides?

What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?

What types of folding are characteristic of the secondary structure of a protein?

What type of bond stabilizes the alpha helix structure?

What force holds two protein chains together in a beta ($\beta$) pleated sheet?

What level of protein structure is determined by the interactions between amino acid side chains (R groups)?

Which interaction is the strongest in the tertiary structure of a protein?

What type of interaction in tertiary structures involves the interactions between acidic and basic side chains?

Which tertiary structure interaction results when two nonpolar amino acids are located closely?

What structural level is found only in multimeric proteins?

What determines protein classification based on shape?

What are the two main classifications of proteins based on their overall molecular shape?

Which term describes a structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties?

Which factor disrupts the hydrogen bonds that hold a protein together by causing molecule vibrations?

Which denaturing agent operate very similarly to the action of heat?

Why do organic solvents such as ethanol act as denaturing agents?

Salts of heavy metals denature proteins by interacting with which chemical group?