Protein Biosynthesis Process

The process of forming a polypeptide chain from amino acids based on the sequence in mRNA.

The site on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.

The three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain, resulting from interactions between amino acids.

Changes or modifications made to a protein after it has been synthesized.

The specific three-dimensional arrangement of amino acids within a polypeptide chain, including alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

A change in the DNA sequence.

A mutation that introduces a stop codon, resulting in the premature termination of protein synthesis.

A mutation that changes the amino acid encoded by a codon.

Process of modifying pre-mRNA into mature mRNA after transcription.

A protective cap added to the 5' end of mRNA, consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide.

A long sequence of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA, protecting it from degradation.

Non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed from pre-mRNA during splicing.

Coding sequences within a gene that are joined together to form mature mRNA.

An enzyme responsible for synthesizing pre-mRNA by reading the template DNA strand.

The chemical bonds that link nucleotides together in RNA and DNA. In mRNA synthesis, RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds.

The pairing of complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA. Adenine pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA), and guanine pairs with cytosine.

A mechanism that allows RNA polymerase to remove incorrect nucleotides from the growing pre-mRNA molecule, ensuring accuracy.

A specific DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription, causing RNA polymerase to detach and release the pre-mRNA.

RNA is composed of the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil.

A single-stranded copy of a gene that is synthesized during transcription, and will undergo further processing before translation.

A sequence of DNA that encodes for a specific protein, and is transcribed into pre-mRNA.

A specialized molecular complex that 'reads' mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

Small RNA molecules that carry specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the codons in mRNA.

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.

The specific codon that signals the start of translation.

The process of removing introns and joining exons within a pre-mRNA molecule to create a mature mRNA molecule.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

The specific three-dimensional shape a polypeptide chain folds into, forming a functional protein. This structure is essential for a protein's function and is influenced by interactions between amino acids.

The irreversible cutting of a polypeptide chain by enzymes called proteases. This often alters the protein's function, either activating or inactivating it.

Enzymes that specifically break down peptide bonds within a protein, leading to cleavage.

A chemical reaction where a molecule is broken down by adding water.

The addition of chemical groups, complex molecules, or the formation of bonds within a protein after its initial synthesis.

The initial linear chain of amino acids, formed during translation. It represents the primary structure of a protein.

Adding a methyl group (CH3) to a protein's side chain. It's like adding a tiny tag to modify a protein's behavior.

Adding an acetyl group (CH3CO) to a protein's side chain. It's like attaching a small chemical switch to modify a protein's activity.

Adding a phosphate group (PO4) to a protein's side chain. It's like adding a key that can turn a protein's activity on or off.

Adding a sugar molecule (polysaccharide) to a protein's side chain. It's like decorating a protein with a sugary frosting.

A long chain of sugar molecules. It's like a string of beads made of sugar.

A specific sugar molecule that is attached to a protein during glycosylation. It's like a small, sugary ornament.

A type of enzyme that attaches sugars to proteins during glycosylation. It's like a sugar-adding machine.

A type of enzyme that modifies sugars after glycosylation. It's like a sugar-editor.