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Questions and Answers
What characterizes a peptide bond?
What characterizes a peptide bond?
Which classification does not include Methionine?
Which classification does not include Methionine?
Which amino acid is categorized as both aromatic and heterocyclic?
Which amino acid is categorized as both aromatic and heterocyclic?
What is the functional group present in all amino acids?
What is the functional group present in all amino acids?
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Hydroxyproline is formed by hydroxylation of which amino acid?
Hydroxyproline is formed by hydroxylation of which amino acid?
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Which of the following amino acids is classified as an acidic amino acid?
Which of the following amino acids is classified as an acidic amino acid?
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Which classification system does not apply to amino acids?
Which classification system does not apply to amino acids?
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Selenocysteine is often referred to as which number amino acid?
Selenocysteine is often referred to as which number amino acid?
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What distinguishes hydrophobic amino acids from hydrophilic ones?
What distinguishes hydrophobic amino acids from hydrophilic ones?
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Which amino acid is known as a basic amino acid?
Which amino acid is known as a basic amino acid?
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Which amino acids are classified as ketogenic?
Which amino acids are classified as ketogenic?
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What defines an amino acid with high biological value?
What defines an amino acid with high biological value?
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Which amino acids are classified as glucogenic?
Which amino acids are classified as glucogenic?
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At which pH does the iso electric point (IEP) occur for amino acids?
At which pH does the iso electric point (IEP) occur for amino acids?
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Which of the following is a semi-essential amino acid?
Which of the following is a semi-essential amino acid?
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Which metabolic classification involves amino acids that yield both glucose and ketone bodies?
Which metabolic classification involves amino acids that yield both glucose and ketone bodies?
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What characterizes non-essential amino acids?
What characterizes non-essential amino acids?
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What happens to amino acids in acidic media regarding their charges?
What happens to amino acids in acidic media regarding their charges?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of amino acids?
Which of the following is NOT a property of amino acids?
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Which amino acid is unique for being both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Which amino acid is unique for being both glucogenic and ketogenic?
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Study Notes
Protein and Amino Acid Chemistry
- Proteins are nitrogenous compounds made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- There are twenty amino acids that commonly occur in proteins, and a twenty-first, selenocysteine, is also found in some proteins.
General Formula of Amino Acid
- Amino acids have a general formula of
R-CH(NH2)-COOH, where 'R' represents a side chain unique to each amino acid.
Peptide Bond Formation
- A peptide bond is formed between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH2) of another amino acid, releasing a water molecule.
Classification of Amino Acids
- Amino acids can be classified based on chemical structure, polarity, nutritional essentiality, and metabolic role.
Chemical Classification of Amino Acids
- Amino acids are classified into aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and imino acids:
Aliphatic
- Uncharged, Nonpolar: Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline
-
Charged:
- With OH: Serine, Threonine, Homoserine, Homocysteine
- With Sulfur: Cysteine, Cystine
- With COOH: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
- With NH2: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine
Aromatic
- Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
Heterocyclic
- Tryptophan, Histidine
Imino acids
- Proline, Hydroxyproline
Notes on Chemical Classification
- Glycine and alanine are considered short-chain amino acids.
- Homoserine and homocysteine do not typically occur in proteins.
- Selenocysteine is the 21st amino acid, similar to cysteine but with selenium replacing sulfur.
- Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are formed by hydroxylation of proline and lysine after protein synthesis.
- Tryptophan is both aromatic and heterocyclic.
- Histidine is a basic heterocyclic amino acid.
- Tyrosine is an aromatic amino acid containing a hydroxyl group.
Classification According to Polarity
- Uncharged Non-Polar (hydrophobic) Amino Acids: Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Proline
- Uncharged Polar Amino Acids: Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Hydroxyproline, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine
-
Charged Amino Acids:
- Basic (Diamino Monocarboxylic): Arginine, Lysine, Hydroxylysine, Histidine
- Acidic (Monoamino Dicarboxylic): Aspartic acid (Aspartate), Glutamic acid (Glutamate)
Nutritional Classification
- Essential Amino Acids: Not synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. These are often grouped as "Vital Lymph". Includes Valine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine, Tryptophan, Methionine, Phenylalanine, and Histidine.
- Semi-Essential Amino Acids: Can be synthesized by the body but are not readily produced in amounts sufficient for growth. Arginine is an example of a semi-essential amino acid.
- Non-Essential Amino Acids: Synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts for both adult and growing individuals.
Protein Quality
- High Biological Value Proteins: Contain all essential amino acids and are easily digested.
- Low Biological Value Proteins: Deficient in at least one of the nine essential amino acids and may be difficult to digest.
Metabolic Classification
- Ketogenic Amino Acids: Produce Acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies. Include Leucine and Lysine.
- Mixed Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids: Produce both glucose and ketone bodies. Include Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, and Isoleucine.
- Glucogenic Amino Acids: Produce glucose. Includes the rest of the amino acids.
Properties of Amino Acids
- Amphoteric Properties: Amino acids can act as both acids and bases, depending on the pH of the environment.
- Isoelectric Point (IEP): The pH at which an amino acid exists as a zwitterion (carrying both positive and negative charges). The IEP for most amino acids is around 6.02.
- At IEP: The amino acid will not migrate in an electric field because it has a neutral overall charge.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of proteins and amino acids in this quiz. Learn about the structure, classification, and functions of amino acids, as well as the significance of peptide bonds. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of these vital biological compounds.
