Questions and Answers
What is the predominant type of prostate cancer found in patients?
Which symptom is least likely associated with advanced prostate cancer?
What is the most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer?
What is the major androgen responsible for prostate cell proliferation?
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Which management option is commonly part of the approach to treating localized prostate cancer?
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What demographic has the highest risk for developing prostate cancer?
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Which statement about the PSA antigen test is correct?
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What percentage of prostate cancers are typically diagnosed in men over the age of 65?
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Which of the following statements about the PSA antigen test is true?
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What is the primary clinical presentation of prostate cancer until it is advanced?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for developing prostate cancer?
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What management option is least likely to be considered for prostate cancer staging?
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What is the most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer?
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Which statement about the progression of symptoms in prostate cancer is true?
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Study Notes
Pathophysiology
- Prostate cancer primarily manifests as androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma, accounting for 95% of cases.
- Tumors typically develop in the peripheral zone of the prostate rather than near the urethra.
- Androgens interact with androgen receptors in prostate cells, promoting cell proliferation.
- Testosterone serves as the principal androgen contributing to prostate health.
Clinical Manifestations
- Early stages often show no symptoms, becoming apparent only as the disease advances.
- Patients may experience bladder outlet obstruction, leading to urinary issues such as dysuria and increased frequency.
- Progression of symptoms can result in ureteral or rectal obstruction, intensifying discomfort.
Metastasis
- Prostate cancer can spread to various body sites; however, bone metastases are the most prevalent, causing significant bone pain.
Management
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is used for evaluation, despite its low sensitivity.
- While PSA is specific to the prostate, it lacks specificity for cancer, as levels can rise due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis.
- Biopsy procedures are necessary for accurate staging of the cancer.
- Treatment decisions depend on the cancer stage and may include:
- Active surveillance (do nothing).
- Total prostatectomy (surgical removal of the prostate).
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
- Radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapy.
- Hormonal therapy.
Epidemiology
- Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, excluding skin cancers.
- The lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer is approximately 15.9%.
- A significant 75% of cases are diagnosed in men aged over 65 years.
- It ranks as the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death globally.
Risk Factors
- Increased risk associated with family history of prostate cancer.
- Age is a critical factor, with higher incidence in older adults.
- Black or African American descent is linked to elevated risk.
- The impact of dietary factors on prostate cancer risk remains ambiguous.
Pathophysiology
- Prostate cancer primarily manifests as androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma, accounting for 95% of cases.
- Tumors typically develop in the peripheral zone of the prostate rather than near the urethra.
- Androgens interact with androgen receptors in prostate cells, promoting cell proliferation.
- Testosterone serves as the principal androgen contributing to prostate health.
Clinical Manifestations
- Early stages often show no symptoms, becoming apparent only as the disease advances.
- Patients may experience bladder outlet obstruction, leading to urinary issues such as dysuria and increased frequency.
- Progression of symptoms can result in ureteral or rectal obstruction, intensifying discomfort.
Metastasis
- Prostate cancer can spread to various body sites; however, bone metastases are the most prevalent, causing significant bone pain.
Management
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is used for evaluation, despite its low sensitivity.
- While PSA is specific to the prostate, it lacks specificity for cancer, as levels can rise due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis.
- Biopsy procedures are necessary for accurate staging of the cancer.
- Treatment decisions depend on the cancer stage and may include:
- Active surveillance (do nothing).
- Total prostatectomy (surgical removal of the prostate).
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
- Radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapy.
- Hormonal therapy.
Epidemiology
- Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, excluding skin cancers.
- The lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer is approximately 15.9%.
- A significant 75% of cases are diagnosed in men aged over 65 years.
- It ranks as the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death globally.
Risk Factors
- Increased risk associated with family history of prostate cancer.
- Age is a critical factor, with higher incidence in older adults.
- Black or African American descent is linked to elevated risk.
- The impact of dietary factors on prostate cancer risk remains ambiguous.
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Description
Learn about the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of prostate cancer, including the role of androgens and symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction. This quiz covers the basics of prostate cancer and its effects on the body.
