Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of prostate cancer?
Which of the following is a common systemic manifestation of prostate cancer?
A patient is diagnosed with prostate cancer where the tumor has extended through the prostate capsule. According to the TNM classification, which stage is this classified as?
A patient is diagnosed with prostate cancer where the tumor has extended through the prostate capsule. According to the TNM classification, which stage is this classified as?
What is the primary objective of radical prostatectomy in the treatment of prostate cancer?
What is the primary objective of radical prostatectomy in the treatment of prostate cancer?
Which diagnostic procedure is used to detect distant spread (metastases) of prostate cancer?
Which diagnostic procedure is used to detect distant spread (metastases) of prostate cancer?
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What factor most significantly decreases the five-year survival rate for individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer?
What factor most significantly decreases the five-year survival rate for individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer?
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What is the approximate probability of a man developing prostate cancer during his lifetime?
What is the approximate probability of a man developing prostate cancer during his lifetime?
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Which age group is most commonly diagnosed with prostate cancer?
Which age group is most commonly diagnosed with prostate cancer?
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Which of the following is a known risk factor for prostate cancer?
Which of the following is a known risk factor for prostate cancer?
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A diet high in which nutrient is most likely to increase the risk of prostate cancer?
A diet high in which nutrient is most likely to increase the risk of prostate cancer?
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What percentage of prostate cancer cases are estimated to be associated with inherited genetic factors or susceptibility genes?
What percentage of prostate cancer cases are estimated to be associated with inherited genetic factors or susceptibility genes?
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What is the most common classification of primary prostate cancers?
What is the most common classification of primary prostate cancers?
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Which of the following best describes the role of androgens and estrogens in prostate cancer development?
Which of the following best describes the role of androgens and estrogens in prostate cancer development?
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Why might prostate tumors not compress the urethra until a later stage?
Why might prostate tumors not compress the urethra until a later stage?
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Flashcards
Asymptomatic Prostate Cancer
Asymptomatic Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often shows no symptoms until advanced stages, detected incidentally.
Common Symptoms
Common Symptoms
Symptoms of prostate cancer mimic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and include urethral obstruction.
Diagnostic Methods
Diagnostic Methods
Prostate cancer diagnostic criteria include digital rectal exams, ultrasounds, PSA tests, and biopsies.
TNM Staging
TNM Staging
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5-Year Survival Rates
5-Year Survival Rates
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Prostate Cancer Risk
Prostate Cancer Risk
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Leading Cause of Cancer Death
Leading Cause of Cancer Death
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Age Factor
Age Factor
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Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk
Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk
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Main Cancer Type
Main Cancer Type
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Carcinogenesis Support
Carcinogenesis Support
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Premalignant Changes
Premalignant Changes
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Peripheral Neoplasm Development
Peripheral Neoplasm Development
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Study Notes
Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology
- Risk of developing prostate cancer: 1 in 6 men
- Second leading cause of cancer death in men aged over 65
- 85% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer are over 65
- Exact cause often unknown
- Risk factors:
- Advancing age
- Family history of prostate cancer
- Black race
- Smoking
- High intake of fats and meat
- Low intake of lycopene (tomato-based products and fruit)
- High dietary calcium
Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology: Malignant Transformation
- Malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells is a series of initiating and promoting events
- Genetic and environmental influences contribute
- 5-10% of cases linked to inherited genetic factors
- HPC1 is a hereditary prostate cancer gene
- More than 95% of primary prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas
- Androgens and estrogens support carcinogenesis, promoting prostate epithelial cell proliferation
Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology: Premalignant Changes
- Premalignant changes in prostate cancer patients include prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
- PIN lesions can progress to prostate adenocarcinoma
Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology: Tumor Location
- Neoplasm develops in the peripheral portion of the gland
- Due to location, tumor compression of the urethra is a late clinical event
Prostate Cancer Clinical Manifestations
- Often asymptomatic until advanced stages
- Clinical manifestations appear when tumor has expanded
- Obstructing urethra is a symptom
- Can present with similar symptoms to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Common systemic manifestations include paraneoplastic syndromes
- Manifestations of metastatic spread, including bone pain
Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Criteria
- Diagnostic tools include:
- Digital rectal examination
- Transrectal ultrasound
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
- Biopsy via fine-needle aspiration transrectally
- Pelvic lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy
- Radionucleotide bone scans to detect metastases
- Most common site of distant metastasis
Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Criteria: Staging
- Staging uses the TNM classification system:
- T1: Clinically inapparent tumor (not palpable or visible)
- T2: Tumor confined to the prostate
- T3: Tumor extends through the prostate capsule
- T4: Tumor invades adjacent structures except seminal vesicles
- Survival rates and prognosis are linked to:
- Histologic features
- Staging
- Local/regional spread (5-year survival >99%)
- Distant metastases (5-year survival 33.5%)
Prostate Cancer Treatment
- Treatment is based on tumor grading, TNM classification, age, and overall health.
- Treatment options include:
- Surgery: radical prostatectomy
- Radiation therapy (adjuvant)
- Chemotherapy (adjuvant)
- Androgen-deprivation hormone therapy to decrease cell proliferation
- "Watchful waiting" for slow-growing tumors diagnosed later in life
- This approach can avoid complications of more aggressive treatments (surgery, radiation, chemo).
- Many older men die of causes other than prostate cancer.
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Description
This quiz explores the pathophysiology of prostate cancer, including risk factors, malignant transformation, and premalignant changes. Understand the genetics and environmental influences that contribute to this common disease affecting men, especially those over 65. Test your knowledge on critical concepts related to prostate cancer.
