Questions and Answers
What is a common early symptom of prostate cancer?
Which investigation is primarily used for an initial workup of suspected prostate cancer?
What does a significantly high PSA level indicate in the context of prostate cancer?
Which of the following treatments is typically used for localized prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of lesions are typically found in bone metastasis from prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
In advanced metastatic prostate cancer, what is a common hormonal treatment approach?
Signup and view all the answers
Which imaging study is often used for staging prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reported symptom associated with advanced prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of urinary tract obstruction in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate?
Signup and view all the answers
What surgical intervention might be employed in managing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions can result in elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom is least likely to be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which investigation is typically performed to rule out urinary tract infections before diagnosing BPH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in semen?
Signup and view all the answers
Clinical investigations for prostate cancer may reveal abnormal findings in which region during a digital rectal exam?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key microscopic characteristic of prostate adenocarcinoma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT linked to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the Gleason Score determined in prostate cancer diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
In prostate cancer, what happens to the normal papillary infoldings of glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What likely describes the tissue composition in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) compared to prostate adenocarcinoma?
Signup and view all the answers
What common pathological change occurs in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is commonly noted about the size of the prostate gland in cases of significant benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
In what zone of the prostate does cancer growth typically occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Prostate Cancer Presentation
- Early stages are usually asymptomatic; symptoms may resemble benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Symptoms include frequent urination, nocturia, weak urinary stream, dribbling, and haematuria.
- Advanced cases can cause fatigue, weight loss, and significant bone pain.
Metastasis
- Prostate cancer often metastasizes to bones, particularly the vertebrae and pelvis.
- Bone lesions resulting from metastasis can be osteoblastic, indicating increased bone formation.
Investigations
- Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) is an essential initial diagnostic tool.
- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels are monitored; significantly high levels indicate further investigation.
- Prostate biopsy may be performed using trans-rectal ultrasound guidance.
- MRI and CT scans are conducted for staging the cancer.
Management
- Radical prostatectomy is recommended for localized prostate cancer.
- Radiation therapies include external beam radiation and brachytherapy (interstitial radiation).
- Advanced metastatic disease may be managed with androgen deprivation therapy, utilizing orchidectomy or synthetic LHRH agents.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- PSA is secreted by prostate epithelium, aiding in semen liquefaction and sperm mobility.
- Elevated PSA levels in adenocarcinoma correlate with increased dysplastic gland numbers and activity.
- High PSA can also occur in prostatitis and BPH, making it an imperfect screening tool.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
- Most common benign prostate condition in men over 50, caused by stromal tissue hyperplasia influenced by androgens.
- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), generated by 5-alpha-reductase, plays a significant role in BPH development.
- Symptoms include poor urine stream, nocturia, difficulty urinating, and overflow dribbling due to urethral obstruction.
Treatment Options for BPH
- Lifestyle changes: reduction of alcohol and caffeine intake.
- Medications such as alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) relax prostate smooth muscle, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride) reduce testosterone effect.
- Surgical options include transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
Investigations for BPH
- Urine culture to rule out UTI and prostatitis.
- PSA measurement.
- Prostate ultrasound (USS) to evaluate size, typically affecting the inner periurethral zone.
Prostate Adenocarcinoma Overview
- Most prevalent cancer in men, influenced by age, race, family history, hormone levels, and environmental factors.
- Growth primarily occurs in the peripheral zone of the prostate and is driven by androgens.
Grading and Diagnosis of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
- The Gleason Scale grades tumors from 1 (well-differentiated) to 5 (poorly differentiated); two patterns are assessed for a combined Gleason Score.
- Microscopically characterized by back-to-back gland formation and lack of normal papillary infoldings.
- Invasion of dysplastic glands into surrounding smooth muscle may occur in advanced stages.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers essential information on prostate cancer, including its symptoms, metastasis, diagnostic investigations, and management strategies. Learn about the importance of early detection and the various treatment options available for patients. Test your knowledge on key aspects of this common male cancer.
