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Questions and Answers
What does confirmation bias entail?
Which of the following best describes correspondence bias?
What is the charge of an anion formed from a nonmetal?
Which family of elements has a charge of 2+ when ionized?
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What is the main goal of brainstorming?
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What is the key difference between holistic and partial views?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of graphic organizer?
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Which outlining method uses complete sentences to express ideas?
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What characteristic refers to the unbiased conduct in research?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of the exploratory research process?
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Which of the following graphic organizers illustrates relationships between concepts?
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In the context of selecting and organizing information, what is cubing?
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What is the purpose of a flow diagram?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of cohesion in a written text?
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What role does language use play in effective writing?
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Which of the following is an example of collocation?
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How does coherence contribute to a written text?
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What should a defined topic sentence accomplish in a paragraph?
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Which sentence demonstrates repetition effectively?
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In which context would working language be most relevant?
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What is a key characteristic of organization in a written text?
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What is the correct name for the compound NaCl?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the naming convention for the compound CuCl2 using the Stock Method?
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Which prefix is used for the first element in covalent compound naming?
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What is the correct name for the acid HCl?
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Which of the following is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?
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What is the formula for alkenes?
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Which condition applies when naming cycloalkenes?
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What suffix is used for compounds that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds?
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How is the name of an oxyacid derived from its polyatomic ion if the ion ends with -ite?
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Which of the following structures is a saturated hydrocarbon?
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Which naming convention applies to acyclic alkenes?
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What is the proper way to name a cycloalkane with a branch at position 2, called ethyl, and additional branch methyl at position 3?
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In naming acyclic alkynes, what is the correct order for mentioning branches and the parent name?
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Which of the following statements best describes the main goal of Eastern philosophy?
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What describes the belief in Judaism according to its philosophical framework?
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Which of these Eastern philosophies is characterized by a belief in a pantheon of gods?
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Which concept in Hinduism refers to the cycle of birth and rebirth?
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In Jainism, what does the vow of ahimsa represent?
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What is a central focus of Confucianism in Eastern philosophy?
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What does Dharma signify in Hindu philosophy?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between material and spiritual worlds in Shinto?
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Study Notes
Properties of Written Text
- Organization contributes to readability and clear message delivery
- Language Use helps authors convey their message effectively
- Working Language refers to specific varieties of English tailored to different purposes
-
Coherence and Cohesion enhance reader comprehension
- Cohesion refers to connecting ideas to a central concept
- Coherence focuses on the relationship of ideas between sentences
Achieving Coherence and Cohesion
- Collocation involves pairing words based on their association
- Adverb + Adjective: Example: "We entered a richly decorated room."
- Adjective + Noun: Example: "The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise."
- Noun + Noun: Example: "Let's give Mr. Jones a round of applause."
- Noun + Verb: Example: "Snow was falling as our plane took off."
- Verb + Noun: Example: "The prisoner was hanged for committing murder."
- Verb + Expression with Preposition: Example: "Their behavior was enough to drive anybody to crime."
- Verb + Adverb: Example: " Mary whispered softly in John's ear."
- Repetition involves repeating words or phrases directly or using synonyms
- Example: "Ever since I was a boy, I have been full of dreams. Dreams of leaving my country to go abroad, to make a mysterious East."
Proofreaders' Marks
- Proofreaders' marks are symbols used during the editing process to indicate corrections or changes in written text.
- They help to ensure that text is accurate, consistent, and free of errors.
Selecting and Organizing Information
- Brainstorming is a group creativity technique for generating ideas
- Cubing involves examining a topic by assessing its nature
- Free Writing focuses on continuous writing without worrying about errors
- Listing involves writing down ideas as they come to mind
- Mapping provides a visual representation of connected ideas
- Graphic Organizers are visual tools for illustrating relationships between concepts
- Concept Maps graphically show relationships between concepts
- Webs illustrate the relationships between different categories of information
- Mind Maps visually represent hierarchical information
- Flow Diagram/Sequence Chart portrays a series of steps or events in order
- Venn Diagram helps identify similarities and differences
- Organizational Chart shows the structure of an organization
- Pie Chart illustartes numerical proportions in a circular format
- Graph represents a collection of points satisfying a given relation
- Outlining involves displaying the arrangement of content
- Topic Outline uses words or phrases to demonstrate information presentation
- Sentence Outline functions similarly to topic outlines, stating main and secondary ideas in complete sentences
Bullet Points in Research
- Research is a systematic and organized inquiry aiming to discover new knowledge, establish facts, and reach new conclusions.
- Characteristics of Research:
- Systematic Process: follows a structured approach like identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, and drawing conclusions.
- Objective and Unbiased: research should be conducted objectively, minimizing personal bias.
- Replicability: methods and procedures should be documented in detail for repeatability.
- Empirical Evidence: knowledge should be based on observed and measured phenomena or experience.
- Purposes of Research:
- Exploration: to investigate areas with limited existing information.
- Description: to detail characteristics or functions of a phenomenon.
- Explanation: to understand causes and effects.
- Prediction: to forecast future occurrences based on current data.
- Postmodernism: analyzing how knowledge, ideas, and power relations are defined.
- Post-culturalism: a similar analysis, focusing on the impact of culture on knowledge and power.
Eastern Philosophy
- Eastern Philosophy encompasses schools of thought often connected to religious beliefs, aiming for a balanced life and finding one's role in society.
- Eastern Philosophers are often associated with "wisdom" literature.
- Social Relations: Eastern philosophy emphasizes the importance of social connections, with family and community playing central roles.
- Classifications: Eastern philosophies can be classified as theistic or nontheistic.
- Judaism: (Israel, the Levant, ca. 2000 BCE)
- Monotheistic belief in one God who influences human destiny.
- Jewish people are considered God's chosen people.
- Observance of God's commandments leads to rewards.
- God's laws, as revealed in sacred scriptures, lead to wisdom.
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Hinduism: (India, South Asia, ca. 1500 BCE)
- Belief in a pantheon of gods, with Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu as the main deities.
- Samsara: the cycle of birth and rebirth.
- Moksha: achieving ultimate union with the Divine.
- Dharma: fulfilling duties and proper behavior.
- Karma: individual actions have positive or negative consequences.
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Shinto: (Japan, ca. 600 BCE)
- Animistic religion influenced by Japanese myths and traditions.
- Material and spiritual worlds are interconnected.
- Mankind and the world are inherently good and pure.
- Harmony and balance are essential for maintaining purity.
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Jainism: (India, ca. 600-500 BCE)
- Rejects the concept of a Creator and views the universe as eternal and unchanging.
- Wisdom is developed through five main vows:
- Ahimsa (non-violence)
- Asteya (honesty)
- Satya (truth)
- Aparigraha (piety)
- Brahmacharya (chastity)
Buddhism
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Buddhism: (South/east Asia, ca. 400 BCE)
- Shares beliefs with Hinduism, including samsara, dharma, and moksha.
- emphasizes the potential for personal transformation through contemplation.
Confucianism
- Confucianism: (East Asia, ca. 400 BCE)
- Focuses on the contemplation of the order of things, which can lead to self-transformation.
- May exhibit bias.
Bias
-
Bias: tendencies or influences that affect people's perspectives.
- Correspondence Bias (attribution effect): judging a person's personality based on their actions without considering external factors.
- Confirmation Bias: accepting information aligning with one's beliefs and rejecting contradictory information.
- Framing: focusing on specific aspects of a problem while neglecting others.
- Hindsight: seeing past events as predictable or identifying patterns in history.
- Conflict of Interest: a person or group has a stake in the issue under consideration.
- Cultural Bias: analyzing events or issues from the perspective of one's own cultural standards.
Holistic vs Partial
- Holistic: views things in their entirety, considering the whole as more than the sum of its parts.
- Partial: views things based on individual parts of a whole.
Inorganic Compounds
- Metals: elements on the left side of the periodic table, with a positive charge.
- Nonmetals: elements on the right side of the periodic table, with a negative charge.
- Metalloids: elements on the red part of the periodic table, exhibiting both positive and negative charges.
- Group Name & Ion Charge:
- Hydrogen/Alkali Metals: 1+
- Alkaline Earth Metals: 2+
- Boron Family: 3+
- Carbon Family: 4+ or 4-
- Nitrogen Family (Pnictogens): 3-
- Oxygen Family (Chalcogens): 2-
- Halogen Family (Fluorine): 1-
- Anion: an atom that gains electrons and becomes negatively charged.
- Cation: an atom that loses electrons and becomes positively charged.
Ionic Bonding
-
Ionic Bonding: the transfer of electrons from a metallic atom to a nonmetallic atom.
- Type I Binary Compounds:
- First element (metal) is copied.
- Second element's name is cut and "-ide" is added.
- Example: NaCl → Sodium Chloride
- Type II Binary Compounds:
- Stock Method:
- First element (metal) and its ion charge are copied.
- Second element's name is cut and "-ide" is added.
- Example: CuCl2 → Copper (II) Chloride
- Classical Method:
- First element is derived from its Latin name and "-ous" or "-ic" is added.
- Second element's name is cut and "-ide" is added.
- Example: CuCl2 → Cuprous Chloride
- Covalent Bonding: occurs when atoms in a compound have similar tendencies to gain electrons, commonly between two nonmetals.
Naming Covalent Compounds
- Use the prefix system for the first element (omit "mono").
- For the second element, use the prefix system and replace the last letter with "-ide."
Naming Acids
- An acid is a molecular compound containing one or more hydrogen atoms.
-
Hydracids:
- Acid in Pure State: Copy "Hydrogen" and cut the second element's name, adding "-ide.
- Acid Name: Write "hydro-," cut the first element's name and add "-ic," followed by "acid."
- Example: HCl → Hydrogen Chloride → Hydrochloric Acid
- Oxyacids:
- Acid in Pure State: Copy "Hydrogen" and copy the name of the polyatomic ion.
- Acid Name: Cut and identify the polyatomic ion. If it ends in "-ate," replace it with "-ic"; if it ends in "-ite," replace it with "-ous," followed by "acid."
- Example: H2CO3 → Hydrogen Carbonate → Carbonic Acid
Organic Compounds
-
Hydrocarbons: compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen, the simplest organic compounds.
- Saturated: contain single bonds between carbon atoms.
- Unsaturated: contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
- Aromatic: contain benzene rings or similar structures.
Formulas of Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes: Cn H2n + 2
- Alkenes: Cn H2n
- Alkynes: Cn H2n - 2
Alkanes
- Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
- Acyclic Alkanes: chains of carbon atoms with no rings.
- Cycloalkenes: carbons joined in one or more rings.
Naming Acyclic Alkanes
- Branch: location + "-" + prefix + alkyl group (Example: 2-methyl or 2,3-diethyl)
- Parent: parent name + "ane" (Example: hexane or octane)
- Final: Alphabetic Branch + Parent (Example: 2,3-diethyl-2-methylhexane)
Naming Cycloalkenes
- Branch: location + "-" + prefix + alkyl group (Example: 2-methyl or 2,3-diethyl)
- Parent: parent name + "ane" (Example: hexane or octane)
- Final: Alphabetic Branch + "cyclo" + Parent (Example: 2,3-diethyl-2-methylcyclohexane)
Isomers
- Two different compounds with the same molecular formula.
Alkenes
- Contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
- -ene: suffix of alkenes
Naming Acyclic Alke/ynes
- Branch: location + "-" + prefix + alkyl groups (Example: 2-methyl or 2,3-diethyl)
- Parent: parent name + "-" + location + "-" + suffix (Example: hex-1-ene or hex-1,2,3-triene)
- Final: Alphabetic Branch + Parent (Example: 2-methylhex-1-ene)
Naming Cycloalke/ynes
- Branch: location + "-" + prefix + alkyl groups (Example: 2-methyl or 2,3-diethyl)
- Parent: parent name + "-" + location + "-" + suffix (Example: hex-1-ene or hex-1,2,3-triene)
- Final: Alphabetic Branch + "cyclo" + Parent (Example: 2,3-diethyl-2-methylcyclohex-1,2,3-triene)
Alkynes
- Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond.
- -yne: suffix of alkynes.
Skeletal Structure
- Shorthand representations containing rings and chains of atoms.
Condensed Structure
- Used for compounds with a chain of atoms bonded together.
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Description
Explore the key elements that contribute to the properties of written text, including organization, language use, coherence, and cohesion. Learn how these properties enhance readability and effectively convey messages. This quiz will help you understand the various aspects that make written communication clear and effective.
