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Questions and Answers
What is the phase change that occurs at 0°C and 1 atm for pure water?
What is the phase change that occurs at 0°C and 1 atm for pure water?
Which of the following is a property of liquid water at room temperature?
Which of the following is a property of liquid water at room temperature?
What is the shape of water molecules?
What is the shape of water molecules?
Why does liquid water have a high boiling point compared to other substances?
Why does liquid water have a high boiling point compared to other substances?
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What is the only substance that contracts when cooled in its liquid form?
What is the only substance that contracts when cooled in its liquid form?
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In which state of water, liquid or solid, is the hydrogen bonding more extensive?
In which state of water, liquid or solid, is the hydrogen bonding more extensive?
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What property of water is responsible for water moving upward in plants?
What property of water is responsible for water moving upward in plants?
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Which type of solid has particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern with a highly ordered and repetitive structure?
Which type of solid has particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern with a highly ordered and repetitive structure?
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What is the main characteristic of amorphous solids?
What is the main characteristic of amorphous solids?
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Which property of liquids is related to the significant drop in temperature during evaporation?
Which property of liquids is related to the significant drop in temperature during evaporation?
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What type of crystals have unit cells that repeat themselves in a definite pattern?
What type of crystals have unit cells that repeat themselves in a definite pattern?
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Which property is associated with solids having very strong forces of attraction between particles?
Which property is associated with solids having very strong forces of attraction between particles?
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Which statement best describes the critical point in a phase diagram?
Which statement best describes the critical point in a phase diagram?
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What does the triple point in a phase diagram represent?
What does the triple point in a phase diagram represent?
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In a phase diagram, what is indicated by the normal freezing point?
In a phase diagram, what is indicated by the normal freezing point?
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What happens to CO2 when the temperature is increased from 200K to 300K at 1 atm?
What happens to CO2 when the temperature is increased from 200K to 300K at 1 atm?
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In the phase diagram of carbon dioxide, what does the triple point represent?
In the phase diagram of carbon dioxide, what does the triple point represent?
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What does the normal sublimation point in a phase diagram represent?
What does the normal sublimation point in a phase diagram represent?
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Study Notes
Liquids and IMF
- Inter Molecular Forces (IMF) affect surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure.
- Increasing IMF results in increased surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, and heat of vaporization, and decreased vapor pressure.
Structure and Properties of Water
- Water is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid at room temperature.
- It has a bent shape, with two partially positive hydrogen atoms and a partially negative oxygen atom, making it a polar molecule.
- Water has a high boiling point, specific heat, and density in its liquid form.
- It is the only substance that contracts when cooled, due to more extensive hydrogen bonding in its solid state.
Properties of Water
- High boiling point due to strong intermolecular forces caused by hydrogen bonding.
- High specific heat (1 cal/g°C) allows water to absorb or release a large amount of heat without a change in temperature.
- High surface tension due to hydrogen bonding among water molecules, causing water to move upward.
- High heat of vaporization, requiring a large amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water, resulting in a significant drop in temperature during evaporation.
Properties and Types of Solids
- Solids have very strong forces of attraction, definite shape and volume, and closely packed particles that vibrate in place.
- Crystalline solids have particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern, are highly ordered and repetitive, and have a fixed shape and volume.
- Amorphous solids have particles that are not arranged in a regular geometric pattern, are "supercooled liquids" with very high viscosity, and appear to have been cooled at very low temperatures.
- Unit cells are definite patterns that repeat themselves in solid crystals.
Phase Diagrams
- A phase diagram shows the relationship between temperature and pressure, and the phase changes that occur as a result of changes in these variables.
- The triple point is the point at which a substance exists as a liquid, gas, and solid all at the same time, at equilibrium.
- The critical point is the maximum temperature and pressure at which a liquid can be liquefied.
- The normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils at a pressure of 1 atm.
- The normal freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid freezes at a pressure of 1 atm.
Phase Diagram of Water
- Normal boiling point: 100°C or 373 K at 1 atm.
- Normal freezing point: 0°C or 273 K at 1 atm.
Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide
- Normal sublimation point: -78.5°C or 194 K at 1 atm.
- It directly goes from solid to gas, thus subliming.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties of water such as high surface tension and heat of vaporization, as well as the characteristics of different types of solids including crystalline and amorphous solids.
