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Properties of Water and Life
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Properties of Water and Life

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason that water is essential for all living organisms?

  • It is the most abundant substance on Earth.
  • It is the biological medium on Earth. (correct)
  • It moderates temperature effectively.
  • It forms hydrogen bonds with gases.

    • How are water molecules described in terms of their charge?

  • They have a neutral charge.
  • They are positively charged at both ends.
  • They are polar with opposite charges at each end. (correct)
  • They are nonpolar and evenly charged.

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the four emergent properties of water that aid life on Earth?

  • Expansion upon freezing
  • Cohesive behavior
  • Thermal conductivity (correct)
  • Versatility as a solvent

    • What role does cohesion play in plants?

    <p>It aids in the transport of water against gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes adhesion in the context of water?

    <p>It is the attraction between water and different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does surface tension measure in a liquid such as water?

    <p>The strength of the hydrogen bonds in the liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water's ability to expand upon freezing contribute to its importance for life?

    <p>It allows aquatic life to survive under frozen surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of water's versatility as a solvent?

    <p>It aids in biochemical reactions and nutrient transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a calorie defined as in terms of water temperature change?

    <p>The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does water have a high specific heat?

    <p>Because of hydrogen bonding in water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water's high specific heat for life on Earth?

    <p>It provides resistance against rapid temperature changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process cools the remaining surface of a liquid as it evaporates?

    <p>Evaporative cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does ice float on water?

    <p>Because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered, making it less dense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a solvent?

    <p>The dissolving agent in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an ionic compound dissolves in water?

    <p>It forms a hydration shell around each ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water act as a versatile solvent?

    <p>Because of its polarity allowing hydrogen bond formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does water reach its maximum density?

    <p>4°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does evaporative cooling have on organisms?

    <p>It minimizes variability in body temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a hydrophilic substance?

    <p>It has an affinity for water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hydrophobic substances?

    <p>They do not have an affinity for water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentrations of H+ and OH– in pure water?

    <p>They are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a neutral aqueous solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an acid is added to a solution?

    <p>The H+ concentration increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

    <p>They minimize changes in H+ and OH– concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an acid?

    <p>A substance that increases H+ concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid?

    <p>Colloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental effect can acid precipitation have?

    <p>Alter soil chemistry negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does burning fossil fuels affect ocean chemistry?

    <p>It contributes to ocean acidification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general pH range for most biological fluids?

    <p>6 to 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution?

    <p>They increase the concentration of H+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in a solution when the pH value is less than 7?

    <p>The solution is acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Importance of Water

    • Water is the biological medium on Earth, all living organisms need water.
    • Cells are typically 70–95% water.
    • The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.

    The Structure of Water

    • Water is a polar molecule due to the uneven sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen.
    • The opposite ends of a water molecule have opposite charges.
    • This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other.

    Properties of Water

    • Water's properties are responsible for creating an environment suitable for life.

    Cohesion

    • Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, this is cohesion.
    • Cohesion helps water transport against gravity in plants.
    • Adhesion is the attraction between different substances like water and plant cell walls.
    • Surface Tension: This is the force needed to break the surface of a liquid and it’s related to cohesion.

    Temperature Moderation

    • Water has a high specific heat, meaning it absorbs or releases large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature.
    • The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life.
    • Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when they form.

    Evaporative Cooling

    • Evaporation is the transformation of a liquid to a gas.
    • Heat of vaporization: the heat required to convert 1 g of a liquid into gas.
    • As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, called evaporative cooling.

    Insulation of Bodies of Water

    • Ice floats because of its ordered hydrogen bonds, making it less dense.
    • Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C.

    Water as a Solvent

    • A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances.
    • Solvent: the dissolving agent.
    • Solute: the substance that is dissolved.
    • Aqueous solutions are those with water as the solvent.
    • Water is a versatile solvent because of its polarity.
    • Ionic compounds dissolve in water forming hydration shells around each ion.
    • Hydrophilic substances have an affinity for water.
    • Hydrophobic substances do not have an affinity for water.
    • A colloid is a stable suspension of particles in a liquid.

    Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions

    • Most biochemical reactions occur in aqueous solutions.
    • The concentration of solutes affects the rate of chemical reactions.

    Acids, Bases, and pH

    • The dissociation of water molecules produces hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH–).
    • The concentration of H+ and OH– affects the chemistry of cells.
    • The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.
    • Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
    • Most biological fluids have a pH between 6 and 8.
    • Buffers minimize changes in H+ and OH– concentrations in a solution.

    Threats to Water Quality

    • Acid precipitation: Rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6.
    • Acid precipitation is caused by pollutants mixing with water in the air.
    • CO2 from fossil fuel combustion causes:
      • The “greenhouse” effect causing global warming.
      • Ocean acidification which affects coral reefs.

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