Properties of Light

Nature of Light:
- Light is an electromagnetic wave.
- It travels in a vacuum at approximately 299,792 kilometers per second (speed of light).
Dual Nature:
- Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality).
- Photons are the particles of light.
Wavelength and Frequency:
- Wavelength: Distance between successive crests of a wave, measured in meters. Determines color in visible light.
- Frequency: Number of waves that pass a point in one second, measured in hertz (Hz). Inversely related to wavelength.
Spectrum:
- Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum (between infrared and ultraviolet).
- Includes:
  - Red (longest wavelength)
  - Orange
  - Yellow
  - Green
  - Blue
  - Indigo
  - Violet (shortest wavelength)
Intensity:
- Brightness of light perceived by the eye.
- Affected by the number of photons (light corpuscles) and their energy.
Speed in Different Mediums:
- Speed of light decreases in denser mediums (e.g., water, glass).
- Different colors (wavelengths) of light slow down by different amounts.
Reflection:
- The bouncing back of light when it hits a reflective surface.
- Law of Reflection:
  - Angle of incidence (incoming light) equals angle of reflection (outgoing light).
- Types of reflection:
  - Regular (specular): Smooth surfaces like mirrors.
  - Diffuse: Rough surfaces scatter light in different directions.
Refraction:
- Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with different densities.
- Snell's Law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and refraction.
Polarization:
- Orientation of light waves in a particular direction.
- Can be natural (sunlight) or artificially induced (polarizing filters).
Interference:
- Occurs when two or more light waves overlap, resulting in a new wave pattern.
- Can cause constructive (bright) or destructive (dark) interference.
Diffraction:
- The bending of light waves around obstacles or through openings.
- More pronounced when the size of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of light.

Understanding these properties provides a foundation for further study into optics, the behavior of light, and its applications in technology and nature.

Nature of Light

Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels at approximately 299,792 kilometers per second in a vacuum.
Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, a concept known as wave-particle duality.
Photons are the particles of light.
Wavelength and frequency are key characteristics of light waves.
- Wavelength is the distance between successive crests of a wave and is measured in meters.
- Frequency refers to the number of waves that pass a point in one second, measured in hertz (Hz).
- Wavelength and frequency are inversely related.
The visible light spectrum is a part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum, spanning between infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths.
- The visible light spectrum includes colors from red (longest wavelength) to violet (shortest wavelength) in this order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Intensity and Speed

Intensity refers to the brightness of light perceived by the eye.
Intensity is influenced by the number of photons and their energy.
The speed of light decreases in denser mediums such as water and glass.
The different colors of light, which corresponds to different wavelengths, slow down at varying rates in these mediums.

Reflection and Refraction

Reflection occurs when light bounces back from a surface.
- The Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence (incoming light) is equal to the angle of reflection (outgoing light).
- Reflection can be categorized into regular (specular) reflection which occurs on smooth surfaces like mirrors and diffuse reflection which occurs on rough surfaces and scatters light in different directions.
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with different densities.
- Snell's Law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.

Polarization, Interference, and Diffraction

Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves in a particular direction.
- Natural polarization occurs in sunlight, while artificial polarization can be achieved through polarizing filters.
Interference occurs when two or more light waves overlap and create a new wave pattern.
- Constructive interference causes brighter areas, while destructive interference results in darker areas.
Diffraction is the bending of light waves around obstacles or through openings.
- It becomes more pronounced when the size of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of light.

Laws of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for all smooth surfaces.
The incident ray is the ray that strikes the reflective surface and forms the angle of incidence (i) with the normal.
The reflected ray is the ray that bounces off the reflective surface and forms the angle of reflection (r) with the normal.
The normal line is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence, used as a reference for measuring angles.
Smooth surfaces produce regular reflection, where light rays reflect in an organized manner, as seen in mirrors.
Rough surfaces produce diffuse reflection, where light is scattered in different directions, as observed in paper.
Applications of the laws of reflection include designing mirrors, optical instruments, and everyday objects that utilize reflection.
The laws of reflection are fundamental principles in optics, applicable to both flat and curved surfaces.
Understanding the behavior of light influenced by reflection is crucial for comprehending image formation.