Properties of Fluids Quiz

Fluids: A substance that continuously deforms under an applied shear stress, no matter how small that stress is.
Classification of fluids: Liquids and gases.
Density: Mass per unit volume.
Specific Gravity: Ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at 4°C.
Specific Weight: Weight per unit volume.
Specific Volume: Volume per unit mass.
Dynamic Viscosity: Internal resistance offered by a fluid to motion.
Kinematic Viscosity: Ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.
Surface Tension: Force acting per unit length on the surface of a liquid.
Capillarity: Rise or fall of liquid in a capillary tube due to surface tension.
Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature.
Compressibility: Change in volume of a fluid due to change in pressure.

Hydrostatic Law: Pressure at a point in a static fluid is the same in all directions.
Pressure head: Height of a column of fluid that exerts a given pressure.
Pascal's Law: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the walls of the container.
Hydraulic press: A device that uses Pascal's Law to multiply force.
Hydraulic jack: A device that uses Pascal's Law to lift heavy objects.
Absolute pressure: The total pressure acting on a surface, including atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressure: Pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Gauge pressure: Pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere.
Simple U-tube manometers: A device used to measure pressure difference by comparing the heights of the liquid columns in two arms of a U-shaped tube.
Differential manometers: An extension of Simple U-tube manometers, used to measure pressure difference between two points.
Bourdon tube pressure gauge: A device that uses the deformation of a curved tube to measure pressure.
Pressure sensor technologies: Piezoelectric, Capacitive, Resistive, Strain Gauge.

Fluid flow can be classified as:
- Steady Flow: Fluid properties at a point do not change with time.
- Unsteady Flow: Fluid properties at a point change with time.
- Uniform Flow: Fluid properties are same at all points in a section.
- Non-Uniform Flow: Fluid properties vary at different points in a section.
- Laminar Flow: Fluid particles move in smooth, parallel layers.
- Turbulent Flow: Fluid particles move in a chaotic, random manner.
Continuity Equation: Mass flow rate is constant in a steady flow system.
Bernoulli's Equation: Relates pressure, velocity, and elevation for a fluid in steady flow.
Flow through pipes: Analysis of pressure drop, flow rate, and head loss.
Impact of jet: Analysis of force exerted by a jet on a stationary or moving surface.

Hydraulic turbines: Devices that convert the energy of a flowing liquid into mechanical energy.
Types of hydraulic turbines:
- Pelton wheel turbine: For high head and low flow rate.
- Francis turbine: For medium head and medium flow rate.
- Kaplan turbine: For low head and high flow rate.

Centrifugal pumps: Devices that use centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Components of a centrifugal pump: Impeller, casing, suction pipe, discharge pipe.
Types of centrifugal pumps:
- Radial flow pumps: Discharge is radial to the impeller.
- Axial flow pumps: Discharge is axial to the impeller.
- Mixed flow pumps: Discharge is partly radial and partly axial.

Reciprocating pumps: Devices that use a reciprocating piston to move fluid.
Components of a reciprocating pump: Cylinder, piston, suction valve, discharge valve.
Types of reciprocating pumps:
- Single-acting pumps: Fluid is pumped on only one side of the piston.
- Double-acting pumps: Fluid is pumped on both sides of the piston.

Hydraulic Systems use pressurized fluid to transmit power.
Components of a hydraulic system:
- Hydraulic fluid: A special type of fluid that is incompressible and has low viscosity.
- Reservoir: A container that stores hydraulic fluid.
- Pump: Provides the pressure required for the system.
- Valve: Controls the flow of hydraulic fluid.
- Actuator: Converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Types of hydraulic systems:
- Open-center systems: Fluid is returned to the reservoir when not in use.
- Closed-center systems: Fluid is continuously circulated in the system.

Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power.
Components of a pneumatic system:
- Compressor: Compresses air.
- Air receiver: Stores compressed air.
- Valve: Controls the flow of compressed air.
- Actuator: Converts pneumatic energy into mechanical energy.
Advantages of pneumatic systems:
- Safer than hydraulic systems because air is compressible.
- More flexible than hydraulic systems.
- Lower maintenance costs than hydraulic systems.
Types of pneumatic systems:
- Open-center systems: Air is released to atmosphere when not in use.
- Closed-center systems: Air is continuously circulated in the system.