Fluid Properties and Pressure Concepts

Force per unit area, usually more convenient for describing fluid behavior. Standard unit: Pascal (Pa) or N/m².

A substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. Examples: water, oil, air.

Internal friction of a fluid, measuring its resistance to deformation. Higher viscosity = thicker, slower flow.

Elastic tendency of a fluid surface that makes it shrink to the smallest possible area. Creates surface tension.

Flow of electricity, the movement of charged particles (electrons) through a material.

Pressure caused by the weight of a fluid column, increasing with depth, density, and gravity.

A U-shaped tube used to measure gas pressure by comparing it to atmospheric pressure.

An upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object, equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Principle stating that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Smooth, layered fluid flow with no mixing between layers, like a river flowing smoothly.

Chaotic, irregular fluid flow with mixing between layers, like rapids in a river.

The highest velocity in a fluid flow, typically found at the center of the vessel.

The lowest velocity in a fluid flow, typically found at the vessel walls.

An equation that states that the flow rate (volume of fluid passing a point per unit time) is constant throughout a closed system.

The mass of fluid passing a point per unit time, it remains constant in a closed system without additions or removals.

The closed system of vessels that transport blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

The muscular organ that pumps blood through the body.

The liquid component of blood, composed mostly of water, carrying blood cells, nutrients, and waste.

Specialized blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Small, biconcave, no nucleus.

White blood cells, part of the immune system, responsible for fighting infections and foreign molecules.

Small cell fragments that help stop bleeding by forming blood clots (coagulation) at sites of injury.

The maximum pressure in an artery during a heartbeat, when the heart contracts.

The minimum pressure in an artery between heartbeats, when the heart rests

High blood pressure, characterized by consistently elevated systolic and/or diastolic readings.

Large, elastic blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Small, thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, allowing for exchange of nutrients and waste products.

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and blood.

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing during breathing.

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood.