Proline Accumulation in PGPR-Inoculated Plants Quiz

ABA acts as anti-transpiration agent leading to a reduction in water loss through the modification of ______ functioning.

ABA biosynthesis can be affected by several factors, including the presence of PGPMs in the ______

Some studies have reported a higher amount of ABA on plants grown under stress conditions, but not inoculated, as compared to colonized ______

Duc et al. observed that SlNCED was down-regulated in tomato roots colonized by Septoglomus constrictum under ______ stress conditions, but remained unaffected under standard and heat stress conditions.

Moreover, Chitarra et al. demonstrated that, under the same stress conditions, ABA biosynthesis was also affected by the type of ______ inoculum.

Several studies were conducted employing either ______ PGPMs, and, in some cases, their biostimulant potential was compared

Plants are positively influenced by both types of inoculants, which significantly affect their growth by improving ______

Two recent studies showed a better performance of autochthonous microorganisms, which appear to be ______ to the stress conditions of the target environment, compared to allochthonous ones

Native PGPMs are not necessarily better in terms of ______ when compared to non-native microorganisms

The potential beneficial effect of the combination of different types of inocula as plant biofertilizers may depend on their ______

Microbial-based biostimulants can be formulated using: (i) a single PGPM strain; (ii) an AMF/PGPR multispecies consortia; and (iii) a combination of PGPMs with organic and inorganic ______.

PGPRs may act not only as biostimulant agents, but, in the presence of AMFs, they can also behave like a mycorrhizal helper (MH) , especially if strictly associated with their mycelium and ______.

The biostimulant effectiveness of a great variety of consortia, containing both plant aiding bacteria and AMFs, was tested with different plants and growing ______.

An enhancement of plant biomass and yield was detected in Arizona cypress, chickpea, wheat, swamp oak, Jerusalem artichoke, and pea plants when inoculated with PGPRs and AMFs, often exhibiting better results than non-inoculated plants or plants inoculated with a single ______.

In order to maximize the efficiency of microbial-based biostimulants, different formulations containing PGPMs and biologically active matrices, including plant exudates, protein hydrolysates, humic acids, agro-food or industrial by-products, composts or compost extracts, sewage, algae or algae extracts, were ______.

PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) inoculation causes early proline accumulation in plants, which may help in plant adaptation to ______ stress.

Inoculation can enhance water use efficiency (WUE) in plants by increasing leaf water potential, leaf transpiration rate, and ______ conductance.

AMFs (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) modulate water transport and uptake in plants, leading to higher flexibility in response to ______ and stress conditions.

PGPMs (Plant Growth Promoting Microbes) improve nutrient use efficiency by increasing mineral uptake and reducing the uptake of ______ elements.

Increased interest in PGPM-based ______ for cultivation and agriculture due to their potential to enhance plant growth and productivity.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major ______ in plants

AMFs induce IAA production in plants, enhancing their response to ______ stress

Some PGPRs produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which decreases ______ levels in both plant and soil

The secretion of ACC-deaminase by PGPRs can enhance stress-related hormone levels, such as ______ acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)

JA, an endogenous hormone involved in development and stress responses, is synthesized in greater amounts in AMF-inoculated plants, alleviating abiotic stress through secondary ______ synthesis