Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main role of prolactin in mammals?
What is the main role of prolactin in mammals?
- Controlling water balance
- Regulating salt balance
- Enabling milk production (correct)
- Influencing angiogenesis
When is prolactin secreted from the pituitary gland?
When is prolactin secreted from the pituitary gland?
- During fasting
- During sleep
- During exercise
- In response to eating, mating, and nursing (correct)
In what manner does prolactin act as a growth factor?
In what manner does prolactin act as a growth factor?
- Supporting muscle development
- Controlling water and salt balance
- Regulating blood clotting
- Influencing hematopoiesis and angiogenesis (correct)
When was prolactin confirmed in humans?
When was prolactin confirmed in humans?
What is the source of prolactin in response to various events?
What is the source of prolactin in response to various events?
What is the function of prolactin in fish?
What is the function of prolactin in fish?
How does prolactin act in endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine manners?
How does prolactin act in endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine manners?
In what manner does prolactin act as an important regulator of the immune system?
In what manner does prolactin act as an important regulator of the immune system?
What is the main function of prolactin in pancreatic development?
What is the main function of prolactin in pancreatic development?
What is the primary influence of prolactin on metabolism?
What is the primary influence of prolactin on metabolism?
Which event triggers heavy secretion of prolactin?
Which event triggers heavy secretion of prolactin?
How does prolactin influence cell cycle-related functions?
How does prolactin influence cell cycle-related functions?
What stimulates extrapituitary prolactin production?
What stimulates extrapituitary prolactin production?
Which hormone temporarily remains high after delivery to induce lactation?
Which hormone temporarily remains high after delivery to induce lactation?
During pregnancy, what increases prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold?
During pregnancy, what increases prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold?
What triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland?
What triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland?
Which neuropeptide is a powerful prolactin-releasing factor in birds (turkeys)?
Which neuropeptide is a powerful prolactin-releasing factor in birds (turkeys)?
What hormone does not play a large role in raising prolactin levels in mice without a posterior pituitary?
What hormone does not play a large role in raising prolactin levels in mice without a posterior pituitary?
What do mice react to in terms of prolactin-releasing neuropeptides?
What do mice react to in terms of prolactin-releasing neuropeptides?
What is responsible for stimulating extrapituitary prolactin production?
What is responsible for stimulating extrapituitary prolactin production?
What hormone upregulates prolactin synthesis in the endometrium but decreases it in myometrium and breast glandular tissue?
What hormone upregulates prolactin synthesis in the endometrium but decreases it in myometrium and breast glandular tissue?
What does VIP act as in birds (turkeys)?
What does VIP act as in birds (turkeys)?
What follows diurnal and ovulatory cycles?
What follows diurnal and ovulatory cycles?
What hormone inhibits the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production?
What hormone inhibits the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production?
What is the principal control of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on prolactin release?
What is the principal control of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on prolactin release?
Where are prolactin and its receptor expressed in the skin?
Where are prolactin and its receptor expressed in the skin?
What is the main function of prolactin in fish?
What is the main function of prolactin in fish?
Which hormone inhibits prolactin production through Pit-1 transcription factor?
Which hormone inhibits prolactin production through Pit-1 transcription factor?
What is the effect of prolactin on mammary glands during puberty and pregnancy?
What is the effect of prolactin on mammary glands during puberty and pregnancy?
How does prolactin affect lipid synthesis in mammary and adipose cells?
How does prolactin affect lipid synthesis in mammary and adipose cells?
What effect does slightly elevated prolactin levels have on estrogen levels in humans?
What effect does slightly elevated prolactin levels have on estrogen levels in humans?
What is the effect of prolactin on luteinizing hormone-receptors in Leydig cells?
What is the effect of prolactin on luteinizing hormone-receptors in Leydig cells?
What triggers pituitary prolactin secretion?
What triggers pituitary prolactin secretion?
What is the function of prolactin in birds?
What is the function of prolactin in birds?
Where is prolactin produced in humans?
Where is prolactin produced in humans?
What is the effect of prolactin on myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system?
What is the effect of prolactin on myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system?
Study Notes
- Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by neurons in the hypothalamus, specifically neurosecretory tuberoinfundibulum (TIDA) neurons of the arcuate nucleus.
- TIDA neurons secrete dopamine (Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone) to act on lactotrophs' D2 receptors, inhibiting prolactin secretion.
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates prolactin release, but it is the only anterior pituitary hormone whose principal control is inhibitory.
- Prolactin has multiple roles and forms. In humans, there are 14, 16, and 22 kDa variants, and it is closely related to somatolactin.
- Prolactin stimulates mammary glands to produce milk and has effects on maternal behavior. It affects lipid synthesis differently in mammary and adipose cells and may affect sex hormone levels.
- Prolactin inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion but its exact mechanism is unknown.
- In humans, prolactin enhances luteinizing hormone-receptors in Leydig cells, leading to testosterone secretion.
- Prolactin stimulates oligodendrocyte precursor cells to form myelin coatings on axons in the central nervous system.
- In fish, prolactin's primary function is osmoregulation but it also has reproductive functions.
- Prolactin in fish controls the production of skin secretions and regulates hair growth and moulting in an autocrine fashion.
- Prolactin receptor activation is essential for normal mammary gland development during puberty and pregnancy in mammals.
- Prolactin is produced in multiple locations including the anterior pituitary, decidua, myometrium, breast, lymphocytes, leukocytes, and prostate.
- Pituitary prolactin production is controlled by the Pit-1 transcription factor, which is inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by estrogens, neuropeptides, and growth factors.
- Estrogens can suppress dopamine, and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates prolactin secretion.
- Prolactin functions include lactation, maternal behavior, osmoregulation, and regulating sex hormones and hair growth.
- In humans, slightly elevated prolactin levels can have variable effects on estrogen levels.
- Prolactin has roles in reproduction, parental care, and pulmonary surfactant synthesis.
- Prolactin and its receptor are expressed in the skin, specifically in hair follicles.
- Prolactin has effects on feathering and crop milk production in birds.
- Prolactin may play a role in the pleasurable perception of sad music in music psychology.
- Prolactin can initiate pseudopregnancy in rodents.
- Prolactin receptor activation is essential for normal mammary gland development and that adult virgin female prolactin receptor knockout mice have much smaller and less developed mammary glands.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the function and secretion of prolactin, a protein responsible for enabling mammals to produce milk and influencing over 300 processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Learn about its role in metabolism, immune system regulation, and more.
