47 Questions
What is the function of the polyadenylation signal 5’ AAUAAA 3’ on the RNA?
Triggers transcriptional termination
What is the role of RNA capping during transcription in eukaryotes?
Stabilizes the transcript
Which enzyme is responsible for removing the gamma-phosphate of the 5’ ribonucleotide during RNA capping?
RNA triphosphatase
What is the main function of RNA splicing in eukaryotic transcription?
Generates mature mRNA from precursor mRNA
What is the role of spliceosomes in eukaryotic transcription?
Generate mature mRNA from precursor mRNA
Which process occurs during eukaryotic transcription to guide mature RNA from the nucleus to its final destination?
RNA export with chaperone proteins
Which type of genome is not enclosed in the nucleus and has circular DNA with plasmids?
Prokaryotic
What type of genes are transcribed by the same promoter in prokaryotic gene structure?
Structural genes
What type of sequences are not translated and make up around 26% of the eukaryotic genome?
Introns
Which region in prokaryotic gene structure is important for RNA polymerase binding?
Promoter region
What allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter in eukaryotic gene structure?
Proximal control elements
Where are the gene operons found in prokaryotic genomes?
Clustered together in genomic islands
What percentage of the eukaryotic genome is mostly non-coding for proteins?
98%
Which type of gene encodes factors that bind to the operator and has its own promoter region in prokaryotic gene structure?
Regulatory genes
What type of DNA is arranged in linear chromosomes in eukaryotic genomes?
Linear DNA
In eukaryotic genes, the consensus sequences and upstream regions responsible for transcription initiation are located at which positions?
-25, -80, and -10
What is the main role of chromatin remodelling complexes during eukaryotic transcription initiation?
Allowing access to promoter regions
During prokaryotic transcription initiation, which enzyme binds to a promoter and unwinds the DNA to form an open complex?
RNA Polymerase holoenzyme
In prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which component recognizes specific promoter sequences?
Sigma factor
Which type of termination does not require ATP in prokaryotic transcription?
Rho-independent termination
Which complex is essential for eukaryotic transcription initiation and mediates signals from transcription factors to the transcription machinery?
Mediator complex
What is the main function of Rho in Rho-dependent termination in prokaryotic transcription?
Binds to a specific RNA sequence and causes termination
Which type of termination involves Rho moving along the transcript towards the paused RNA polymerase?
Rho-dependent termination
Which type of RNA is used instead of TTP during transcription elongation in prokaryotes?
$UTP$
In eukaryotes, what are the exons and introns respectively represent in the genes?
Coding and non-coding regions of the gene
What is the role of RNA polymerase holoenzyme during prokaryotic transcription initiation?
Unwinding the DNA at the promoter site
What plays a role in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes?
Chromatin structure
Prokaryotic genomes are enclosed within the nucleus.
False
Eukaryotic genomes are mostly non-coding for proteins (98%).
True
Operons in prokaryotic genomes are randomly dispersed around the circular genome.
False
In eukaryotic gene structure, the promoter region sits downstream of the transcription start site.
False
Prokaryotic operons produce multiple RNAs which are then translated to form different proteins.
False
Eukaryotic genomes contain around 59% repeated sequences.
True
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes have the same mechanisms for gene expression.
False
Eukaryotic transcription initiation involves the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which binds to a promoter and unwinds the DNA to form an open complex.
False
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme contains sigma factors that can be regulated by anti-sigma factors.
True
During transcription elongation, UTP is used instead of TTP in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
False
Eukaryotic chromatin remodelling complexes do not play a role in allowing access to promoter regions to begin transcription initiation.
False
Rho-dependent termination in prokaryotic transcription involves Rho desicating the RNA polymerase complex.
False
RNA capping occurs after transcription in eukaryotes
False
RNA splicing removes exons and joins introns in eukaryotic transcription
False
RNA polymerase falls off the template DNA after polyadenylation in eukaryotic transcription
True
RNA triphosphatase removes the beta-phosphate of the 5’ ribonucleotide during RNA capping
False
RNA processing occurs before transcription in eukaryotes
False
RNA polymerase in eukaryotes binds to the promoter with the help of sigma factor
False
Mature RNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes
True
RNA splicing is mediated by ribozymes in eukaryotes
False
Study Notes
-
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes have different structures and mechanisms for gene expression.
-
In eukaryotes, chromatin structure plays a role in regulating gene expression, while in prokaryotes, there is no nucleus separating transcription and translation.
-
Eukaryotic genes have exons (coding) and introns (non-coding) regions, as well as consensus sequences, and upstream regions at -25, -80, and -10.
-
Prokaryotic transcription initiation involves RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which binds to a promoter and unwinds the DNA, forming an open complex and allowing RNA synthesis to begin.
-
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme is a multi-subunit complex that recognizes specific promoter sequences, and contains sigma factors that can be regulated by anti-sigma factors.
-
Eukaryotic transcription initiation involves a larger RNA polymerase complex that requires transcription factors to recognize promoters, and has three types of RNA polymerases.
-
Eukaryotic chromatin remodelling complexes allow access to promoter regions to begin transcription initiation, while mediators mediate signals from transcription factors to the transcription machinery.
-
During transcription elongation, UTP is used instead of TTP, and transcription termination in prokaryotes can be Rho-independent (ATP not required) or Rho-dependent (ATP required).
-
In Rho-dependent termination, Rho is a protein factor that binds to a specific RNA sequence, moves along the transcript towards the paused RNA polymerase, and causes termination by desicating the RNA polymerase complex.
-
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes have different structures and mechanisms for gene expression.
-
In eukaryotes, chromatin structure plays a role in regulating gene expression, while in prokaryotes, there is no nucleus separating transcription and translation.
-
Eukaryotic genes have exons (coding) and introns (non-coding) regions, as well as consensus sequences, and upstream regions at -25, -80, and -10.
-
Prokaryotic transcription initiation involves RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which binds to a promoter and unwinds the DNA, forming an open complex and allowing RNA synthesis to begin.
-
Prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme is a multi-subunit complex that recognizes specific promoter sequences, and contains sigma factors that can be regulated by anti-sigma factors.
-
Eukaryotic transcription initiation involves a larger RNA polymerase complex that requires transcription factors to recognize promoters, and has three types of RNA polymerases.
-
Eukaryotic chromatin remodelling complexes allow access to promoter regions to begin transcription initiation, while mediators mediate signals from transcription factors to the transcription machinery.
-
During transcription elongation, UTP is used instead of TTP, and transcription termination in prokaryotes can be Rho-independent (ATP not required) or Rho-dependent (ATP required).
-
In Rho-dependent termination, Rho is a protein factor that binds to a specific RNA sequence, moves along the transcript towards the paused RNA polymerase, and causes termination by desicating the RNA polymerase complex.
Explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes in this quiz. Learn about the organization, regulation, and composition of genetic material in these two types of organisms.
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