Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit from which living organisms are built up?
What is the basic unit from which living organisms are built up?
Adhesion molecules allow different types of tissues to attach to each other.
Adhesion molecules allow different types of tissues to attach to each other.
False
Define the term 'organ system'.
Define the term 'organ system'.
A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function.
Variation is the differences that exist between members of a single ______.
Variation is the differences that exist between members of a single ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following examples illustrates continuous variation?
Which of the following examples illustrates continuous variation?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of variation with examples:
Match the following types of variation with examples:
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the role of master genes in gene regulation.
Explain the role of master genes in gene regulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Adhesion molecules are types of transcription factors.
Adhesion molecules are types of transcription factors.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one potential danger of stem cell therapy?
What is one potential danger of stem cell therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Stem cells have the same cell surface molecules as the patient, which means they can be rejected.
Stem cells have the same cell surface molecules as the patient, which means they can be rejected.
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by 'gene induction'?
What is meant by 'gene induction'?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ is a segment of DNA involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
The __________ is a segment of DNA involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the nucleus with their functions:
Match the following components of the nucleus with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
How do repressors inhibit gene expression?
How do repressors inhibit gene expression?
Signup and view all the answers
A diploid nucleus has the ability to express all its genes at once.
A diploid nucleus has the ability to express all its genes at once.
Signup and view all the answers
Why does a cell become specialized?
Why does a cell become specialized?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes discontinuous variation?
Which of the following describes discontinuous variation?
Signup and view all the answers
Epigenetic markers are not copied during DNA replication.
Epigenetic markers are not copied during DNA replication.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary importance of epigenetic markers during fertilization?
What is the primary importance of epigenetic markers during fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Discontinuous variation is related to features that are either present or _____ .
Discontinuous variation is related to features that are either present or _____ .
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Eukaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes compared to prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes compared to prokaryotic cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of stem cells are known to develop into various types of cells in the nervous system?
Which type of stem cells are known to develop into various types of cells in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of graph typically represents continuous variation?
What type of graph typically represents continuous variation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size range of prokaryotic cells in micrometers?
What is the size range of prokaryotic cells in micrometers?
Signup and view all the answers
Embryonic stem cells can only become blood cells.
Embryonic stem cells can only become blood cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the types of variation with their characteristics:
Match the types of variation with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Name one disease that may benefit from embryonic stem cell research.
Name one disease that may benefit from embryonic stem cell research.
Signup and view all the answers
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into ______ chromosomes within the nucleus.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into ______ chromosomes within the nucleus.
Signup and view all the answers
Epigenetic changes can be inherited through mitosis.
Epigenetic changes can be inherited through mitosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following features to whether they belong to prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells:
Match the following features to whether they belong to prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells:
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the epigenetic markers after fertilization?
What happens to the epigenetic markers after fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of transferring a skin cell nucleus to an ovum is known as _____ ______ nuclear transfer.
The process of transferring a skin cell nucleus to an ovum is known as _____ ______ nuclear transfer.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following stem cell types with their examples:
Match the following stem cell types with their examples:
Signup and view all the answers
Which formula is used to calculate magnification?
Which formula is used to calculate magnification?
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes located far apart on a chromosome to be inherited together.
Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes located far apart on a chromosome to be inherited together.
Signup and view all the answers
Which argument is commonly made by those who oppose the use of embryonic stem cells?
Which argument is commonly made by those who oppose the use of embryonic stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Therapeutic cloning can help reduce the risk of organ rejection in transplant patients.
Therapeutic cloning can help reduce the risk of organ rejection in transplant patients.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of genes are considered sex-linked?
What type of genes are considered sex-linked?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one reason people support the use of embryonic stem cells?
What is one reason people support the use of embryonic stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Similarities and Differences
- Prokaryotic cells are small (0.5-5 μm), while eukaryotic cells are larger (often up to 50 μm)
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic DNA is circular strands in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic DNA is linear chromosomes in the nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells have few, if any, membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have numerous membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotic cell walls are present but typically made of peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic cell walls (present only in plants) are composed of cellulose.
- Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes.
- Some prokaryotic cells have capsules, while eukaryotic cells do not.
Magnification Formula
- The formula for magnification is: magnification = size of image / size of real object
- This formula is used to calculate the size of an organelle.
- A triangle diagram helps to visualize relationships between magnification, image size, and actual size.
- Actual size is inside the triangle
Converting Numerical Size
- Numerical sizes can be converted between ordinary and standard form.
- Standard form expresses numbers in the form 'a x 10n', where 'a' is a number between 1 and 10 and 'n' is an integer.
- Examples of conversions are provided.
Calculating Surface Area and Volume
- Formulas are given to calculate the surface area and volume of different regular shapes (cuboid, cube, and right circular cylinder)
- Examples of these types of shapes are provided through specific formulas.
- A table shows the formulas for various shapes
Gene Linkage and Sex Linkage
- Genetic linkage: Alleles close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis (cross-over).
- Sex linkage: Genes located on sex chromosomes (e.g., X chromosome) are responsible for specific traits whose expression/inheritance patterns differ between males and females.
Multipotent Stem Cells
- Examples of multipotent stem cells in adult humans:
- Neural stem cells, which differentiate into various nervous system cells (brain).
- Blood stem cells, found in bone marrow, forming white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets.
- Muscle stem cells, crucial for repair because mature muscle cells cannot reproduce.
Potential Uses of Stem Cells in Medicine
- Totipotent embryonic stem cells have the unique ability to form any type of human cell.
- They are used for studying diseases and developing treatments.
- Examples of diseases being studied include Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns, and spinal cord damage.
- They are used to discover what goes wrong in diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
Ethical Considerations of Embryonic Stem Cells
- Arguments "for" the use of embryonic stem cells:
- Embryos are collections of cells, not humans and require no particular moral attention.
- Spare embryos are destroyed anyway.
- Benefit outweighs ethical concerns.
- Arguments "against" the use of embryonic stem cells:
- Embryos should not be used for research as they have full human status from conception.
- Lack of consent from embryo.
- Equivalent to murder.
- Possible risk of cancer.
- Possible risk of infection.
Therapeutic Cloning and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves transferring a nucleus from a patient's skin cell into an ovum (egg) without a nucleus.
- This creates a zygote with the patient's DNA, which can develop into embryonic stem cells.
- The new cells will have the same cell surface molecules as the patient, minimizing rejection issues upon transplantation.
Dangers of Stem Cell Therapy
- Infection risk during injection
- Body rejection of stem cells
- Cancerous risks for stem cells
Nucleus Structure
- Nucleus has a double nuclear envelope.
- Nucleus has nuclear pores.
- Nucleus has a nucleolus.
Diploid Nucleus and Protein Production
- A diploid nucleus contains all the genes an organism requires.
- Cells only use the specific genes needed to produce the necessary proteins to carry out a specific function.
Gene Induction
- Induction, or activation, or expression of a gene is its turning on.
Genes, mRNA, and Proteins
- mRNA is only transcribed from activated genes.
- mRNA then is translated into proteins.
- The proteins within a cell determine its function and specialization.
Lac Operon
- The lac operon is a segment of DNA in some prokaryotes that controls the production of proteins for processing lactose.
- It includes a promoter, operator, and genes for lactose-processing.
- When lactose is absent, a repressor binds to the operator, blocking transcription.
- When lactose is present, it inactivates the repressor, allowing transcription.
Gene Switching Off by Repressor Molecules
- In one way, repressors bind to the promoter region of the gene, preventing RNA polymerase from attaching and thus preventing transcription.
- In a second way, repressors bind to transcription factors, preventing them from attaching to the promoter and thus preventing transcription.
Biological Vocabulary
- Cell: The basic unit of living organisms.
- Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a shared function.
- Organ: A structure formed from different tissues, performing a larger function.
- Organ System: A group of organs working together to perform a complex function..
Adhesion Molecules
- Cell adhesion molecules act as recognition proteins.
- They enable similar cells to connect.
Master Genes and Switching Genes On
- Master genes are responsible for controlling the switching on of genes through transcription factors.
- mRNA from these master genes gets translated into signal proteins.
- These proteins then switch on additional genes responsible for various cell specializations.
Variation
- Variation describes the differences among members of a species.
- Characteristics of an organism are part of its phenotype
Types of Variation
- Continuous Variation: A complete range of measurements with examples like height, hair color, IQ and skin color.
- Discontinuous Variation: Distinct categories with examples like blood type and biological sex.
Mean, Median, Mode of Data
- Mean: Average of a set of numbers.
- Median: Middle number in an ordered data set.
- Mode: Most frequent number in a data set.
Epigenetic Markers During Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
- Epigenetic markers are copied with the DNA during replication ensuring the correct set of genes remain active.
Evidence of Passed-on Epigenetic Changes
- Epigenetic markers are copied into new DNA of daughter cells, maintaining the same gene activation patterns of the parent cell.
Epigenetic Markers in Sperm and Egg Cells during Fertilization
- Sperm and egg cells have epigenetic changes that may determine their structure and function—this is logical.
- Epigenetic modifications generally do not get passed to the next generation (imprinted genes).
- The vast majority of traits encoded by the genome get reset at fertilization.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz also covers the magnification formula used to measure cell sizes. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cell structure!
