unit 3, lesson 2, part 1 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics is exclusive to eukaryotic cells?

  • Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus (correct)
  • Presence of ribosomes
  • Ability to reproduce
  • Use of lipids as building blocks

Which of the following is a primary difference in the genetic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotes have single circular chromosomes, while prokaryotes have paired chromosomes.
  • Prokaryotes have linear chromosomes, while eukaryotes have circular chromosomes.
  • Eukaryotes have paired chromosomes contained within a nucleus, whereas prokaryotes typically have a single circular chromosome located in a nucleoid region. (correct)
  • Prokaryotes have more complex DNA structures than eukaryotes.

What is the significance of the presence or absence of sterols in the plasma membrane when comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Eukaryotic cells have sterols in their plasma membrane, which is absent in prokaryotes. (correct)
  • Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have sterols in their plasma membrane, but in different concentrations.
  • Sterols are found in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes, providing rigidity.
  • Sterols are present in both, providing flexibility

How do the ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?

<p>Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes (70S), while eukaryotic cells have larger ribosomes (80S in the cytoplasm and 70S in organelles). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key functional difference between the extracellular structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cell walls offer structural support and protection using peptidoglycan, while eukaryotic cells may have cell walls (plants and fungi) for support composed of cellulose or chitin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is exclusive to eukaryotic cells during cell division, offering a mechanism for genetic exchange?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering their structure and function, which of the following intracellular structures is present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the organization of cells typically differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in multicellular organisms?

<p>Prokaryotes form simple colonies, while eukaryotes organize into complex tissues and organs with specialized cell types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell is observed to divide through mitosis, what can be definitively concluded about its classification?

<p>It is an eukaryotic cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic allows eukaryotic cells to have more complex internal organization as compared to prokaryotic cells?

<p>The presence of membrane-bound organelles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference in arrangement capabilities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotes can arrange to form tissue while prokaryotes cannot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does peptidoglycan play in distinguishing prokaryotic from eukaryotic cell structure?

<p>It forms the primary structure of prokaryotic cell walls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, indicating a shared ancestry?

<p>Presence of ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately contrasts the reproductive processes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotes divide via binary fission, a process absent in eukaryotic cells, which undergo mitosis or meiosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Extrachromosomal DNA found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively?

<p>Plasmids, Organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eukaryotes

Cells with a true nucleus.

Prokaryotes

Cells 'before' a nucleus; lacks a true nucleus.

Basic Building Blocks

Building blocks of life common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cellular Differences

Size, shape, and organization vary significantly between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Prokaryotic Cell Size

The size of prokaryotic cells typically ranges from 0.4-2.5 μm.

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Eukaryotic Cell Size

Eukaryotic cells typically range in size from 3 - 70 μm.

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Prokaryotic DNA

Single, circular chromosome in a nuclear region (nucleoid).

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Eukaryotic DNA

Paired chromosomes contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

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Prokaryotic Internal Membranes

Organelles with membranes are absent in prokaryotes.

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Eukaryotic Internal Membranes

Internal membranes are numerous in eukaryotes.

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Cytoskeleton in Prokaryotes

A supporting structure absent in prokaryotes.

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Cytoskeleton in Eukaryotes

A supporting structure present in eukaryotes.

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Prokaryotic Cell Walls

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

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Cell Division in Prokaryotes

Binary Fission.

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Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Includes mitosis/meiosis.

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Study Notes

  • Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are compared and contrasted

Learning Objectives

  • Become familiar with cell biology terms
  • Learn basic components of bacterial cells
  • Understand differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Aims

  • The objective is to highlight the major similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
  • Includes building blocks of life
  • Discusses organization of cells

Basic Building Blocks

  • Basic building blocks of life are the same for prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Lipids, nucleotides, and amino acids form cellular structures and regulate cell physiology
  • Size, shape, and organization have significant differences
  • Different components of the cell include:
    • Genetic structures
    • Intracellular structures
    • Extracellular structures
    • Reproductive process

Eukaryotes

  • Eu = true, karyon = nucleus
  • More advanced than prokaryotes, many unicellular organisms are eukaryotic
  • All cells in multicellular organisms are eukaryotic
  • Examples:
    • Human lymphocyte
    • Human myocyte
    • Yeast/Fungi
    • Candida Albicans
    • Sacchromyces cerevisiae

Prokaryotes

  • Pro = before; karyon = nucleus
  • Are unicellular organisms found in all environments
  • Bacteria comprises the bulk of the prokaryote classification
  • Appeared about four billion years ago
  • Examples:
    • Staphylococcus aureus
    • Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Cell Types

  • There is no such thing as a typical eukaryotic cell or a typical prokaryotic cell
  • Basic components are common to both cell types
  • Basic components differ between cell types

Size and Shape

  • Prokaryotic cell size ranges from 0.4-2.5 μm
  • Eukaryotic cell size ranges from 3-70 μm
  • Prokaryotic cells have 3 basic shapes: spherical, rod, and spiral
  • Eukaryotic cells are very heterogenous
  • Prokaryotic cells arrange in groups and biofilm
  • Eukaryotic cells arrange to form tissue and organs
  • There are 300 different cell types in the human body

Genetic Structures

  • Prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome for DNA
  • Eukaryotes contain pared chromosomes for DNA
  • The location of DNA in prokaryotes is in a nuclear region (nucleoid)
  • The location of DNA in eukaryotes is membrane bound to the nucleus
  • Nucleolus is absent in prokaryotes but present in eukaryotes
  • Histones are absent in prokaryotes but present in eukaryotes
  • Extrachromosomal DNA such as Plasmids are in prokaryotes
  • Extrachromosomal DNA such as organelles like the mitrochondria and chloroplast are located solely in eukaryotes

Intracellular Structures

  • Plasma membrane in prokaryotes has fluid mosaic lacking sterols
  • Plasma membrane in eukaryotes has fluid mosaic + sterols
  • Internal membranes are mostly absent in prokaryotes but numerous in eukaryotes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are absent in prokaryotes but present in eukaryotes
  • Peroxisomes and lysosomes are absent in prokaryotes but present in eukaryotes
  • Respiratory enzymes are on the cell membrane of prokaryotes
  • Respiratory enzymes are in the mitochondria of eukaryotes
  • Ribosomes in prokaryotes are one type, 70S
  • Ribosomes in eukaryotes are two types, 90S and 70S

Supporting Structures

  • Cytoskeleton is absent in prokaryotes but present in eukaryotes

Extracellular Structures

  • Cell wall in prokaryotes contains peptidoglycan
  • Cell wall in eukaryotes contains cellulose and chitin
  • Chitin based cell walls are fungal and in plant cells
  • External layers include capsule or slime layer in prokaryotes
  • Some protists have a pellicle or shell in eukaryotes
  • Flagella are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Cilia are absent in prokaryotes and present in eukaryotes
  • Pili are present in prokaryotes and absent in eukaryotes

External Structures

  • Capsules and slime layers are present in prokaryotes but absent in eukaryotes
  • Capsules and slime layers are present in gram positive and negative cells
  • High molecular weight polysaccharide composes capsules and slime layers

Cell Division

  • Cell division in prokaryotes is done by binary fission
  • Cell division in eukaryotes is done by mitosis/meiosis
  • Sexual exchange of genetic material is not part of reproduction in prokaryotes
  • Meiosis occurs in eukaryotes
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction is only asexual in prokaryotes
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction may occur in eukaryotes

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