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Questions and Answers
Considering the evolutionary history of cells, which characteristic would be the LEAST likely to be found in a cell from the earliest forms of life?
Considering the evolutionary history of cells, which characteristic would be the LEAST likely to be found in a cell from the earliest forms of life?
- A defined nucleus bounded by a membrane. (correct)
- A cytoplasm containing a variety of dissolved substances.
- A membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
- Genetic material composed of nucleic acids.
If a bacterial cell loses its capsule, what is the most likely consequence for the cell?
If a bacterial cell loses its capsule, what is the most likely consequence for the cell?
- Improved resistance to antibiotics.
- Enhanced ability to form biofilms with other bacterial cells.
- Increased susceptibility to phagocytosis and environmental stress. (correct)
- Increased rate of reproduction due to reduced energy expenditure.
Why does the simple structure of prokaryotic cells enable them to reproduce quickly and effectively?
Why does the simple structure of prokaryotic cells enable them to reproduce quickly and effectively?
- Their small size reduces the time needed for nutrient diffusion and waste removal.
- The lack of membrane-bound organelles simplifies the replication process.
- The absence of a nucleus allows for faster access to genetic material.
- All of the above. (correct)
How does the organization of DNA differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and what are the implications of these differences?
How does the organization of DNA differ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and what are the implications of these differences?
Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A research team discovers a new single-celled organism in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Initial analysis reveals the presence of a cell wall composed of unique polysaccharides, a nucleoid region, and ribosomes. Based on this information, how should the organism be classified?
A research team discovers a new single-celled organism in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Initial analysis reveals the presence of a cell wall composed of unique polysaccharides, a nucleoid region, and ribosomes. Based on this information, how should the organism be classified?
How does the presence or absence of a cell wall impact the ability of animal cells to maintain their shape and structure?
How does the presence or absence of a cell wall impact the ability of animal cells to maintain their shape and structure?
Imagine a newly discovered drug that specifically inhibits the function of ribosomes. What cellular process would be most directly affected by this drug?
Imagine a newly discovered drug that specifically inhibits the function of ribosomes. What cellular process would be most directly affected by this drug?
A biologist is comparing two unidentified cell samples under a microscope. Sample A contains a nucleus and several membrane-bound organelles, while Sample B lacks a nucleus and has no visible internal compartments. Based on these observations, which of the following statements is most accurate?
A biologist is comparing two unidentified cell samples under a microscope. Sample A contains a nucleus and several membrane-bound organelles, while Sample B lacks a nucleus and has no visible internal compartments. Based on these observations, which of the following statements is most accurate?
Which of the following scenarios would LEAST directly demonstrate the evolutionary advantage of the relatively simple structure of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following scenarios would LEAST directly demonstrate the evolutionary advantage of the relatively simple structure of prokaryotic cells?
Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; includes Bacteria and Archaea.
Biofilm
Biofilm
A complex community of microorganisms attached to a surface, enclosed in a self-produced matrix.
Cell Wall (Prokaryotic)
Cell Wall (Prokaryotic)
A protective outer layer found in prokaryotic cells that provides rigidity and prevents dehydration.
Capsule (Bacteria)
Capsule (Bacteria)
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Fimbriae (Pili)
Fimbriae (Pili)
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Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
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Cytoskeleton (Animal cell)
Cytoskeleton (Animal cell)
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Study Notes
- Eukaryotic cells do not include bacteria and archaea
- Prokaryote is derived from Greek, meaning before nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells are bacteria, normally smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Typical size ranges from 0.1 to 5 microns in diameter
- Prokaryotic cells are single-celled
- These cells can cluster forming a biofilm
Cell Structure
- Possess a cell membrane and cytoplasm
- Genetic material is housed within the cytoplasm
- Rigid cell wall provides protection and minimizes dehydration
- Some bacteria express a capsule protein surface, increasing survival from harsh conditions and phagocytosis
- Feli can be found on the surface of bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
- Contain a true membrane-bound nucleus.
- The word Eukaryote comes from the Greek word meaning true nucleus
- Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
- Typically larger than prokaryotic cells, ranging from 10 to 100 microns in diameter
- Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms
Animal Cells
- Have a plasma membrane and cytoplasm
- DNA is enclosed in the nuclear membrane
- Lack a cell wall
- Have a cytoskeleton comprising a network of protein filaments
- DNA is organized into chromosomes inside the nucleus
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Summary
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller with a simpler structure, enabling rapid reproduction
- Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
- Inside a prokaryotic cell is an open unit with no compartments
- Small structures called ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
- A prokaryotic cell’s DNA is located in the nucleoid region
- The nucleoid region is not enclosed by a membrane, unlike a nucleus
- Prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane composed of polysaccharides
- Prokaryotes possess flagella for movement
- Both cell types have DNA as their genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane
- Prokaryotic cells are the oldest, while eukaryotic cells evolved later
- Prokaryotes are single-celled, while eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular
- DNA in prokaryotes is usually a single circular chromosome, while in eukaryotes, it is organized as linear chromosomes
Microorganisms and Cell Types
- Bacteria are microorganisms that are not eukaryotic.
- Eukaryotic organisms include yeast, molds, protozoa, and worms.
- Prokaryotic organisms include bacteria.
Microbiological Growth Media
- Algae are used to make microbiological growth media.
- Agar, derived from red algae, is used in growth media
- Agar provides a solid or semi-solid surface for cultivating microorganisms
Archaea
- Archaea are extremophiles often found in extreme conditions
- The Great Salt Lake is a habitat where archaea are likely found due to its high salinity (halophiles)
- Other habitats include hot springs (thermophiles) and methane-rich environments (methanogens)
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic cells are simple, smaller, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., Bacteria and Archaea)
- Eukaryotic cells are complex, larger, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., Fungi, plants, animals, and protists)
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