Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

Study Notes

Prokaryotes

Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from eukaryotic cells.
DNA is a single, circular strand with no ends, located in a region called the nucleoid, which is not surrounded by a protective membrane.
No membrane-wrapped organelles such as mitochondria or Golgi apparatus.
Primarily unicellular, smaller (0.2-2.0 µm in diameter), and less complex than eukaryotic cells.
Contain smaller ribosomes that are not membrane-bound.
Flagella and cilia are present but lack microtubule structure.
Possess a rigid cell wall made of chemically complex peptidoglycans, providing protection and maintaining shape.
Reproduce through binary fission, resulting in two identical cells quickly, leading to lower genetic variation.

Eukaryotes

Feature cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and enclosed organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Predominantly multicellular, larger (10-100 µm), and more complex than prokaryotes.
DNA exists in multiple linear strands, organized within the nucleus.
Enclosed by a double membrane nuclear envelope, which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, regulating molecular traffic.
Flagella and cilia contain microtubules, differing in size and function compared to prokaryotic structures.
Plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol, contributing to its fluidity.

Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Both contain a plasma membrane to maintain cellular integrity.
Both have genetic material (DNA/RNA), although prokaryotic DNA is circular and eukaryotic DNA is linear.
Ribosomes are present in both cell types; however, prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and not membrane-bound.
Both may have cell walls, although prokaryotic walls are made of peptidoglycan while eukaryotic walls consist of various polysaccharides, such as chitin in fungi and cellulose in plants.
Contain organelles like plastids in plants for photosynthesis, but these are not found in prokaryotes.
Both may have flagella for movement, albeit constructed differently.

Description

Explore the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with these informative flashcards. Each card provides key terms and definitions to help you understand the basic concepts related to cell biology. Perfect for quick study and review of essential cell features.