Prokaryotes Quiz

<p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>R plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects the cell and allows adherence to substrates or cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to DNA and packaging the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized for locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inorganic compound (e.g., CO2, HCO3-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compound (e.g., Glucose, lipids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbing energy from outside the ecosystem and assimilating minerals into biomass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria can evolve rapidly to harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and archaea differ in their cell wall composition, membrane lipid structure, and RNA polymerase composition. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while archaea do not. Additionally, bacteria have ester linkages in their membrane lipids, while archaea have ether linkages. The RNA polymerase in bacteria is sensitive to rifampin, whereas the RNA polymerase in archaea is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the ecosystem. Quantitatively, they are responsible for a significant portion of global primary production through processes like photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. Qualitatively, they contribute to nutrient cycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Prokaryotes also impact human health, industry, and biotechnology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotic resistance in bacteria can arise through processes such as mutation, horizontal gene transfer (e.g., conjugation, transformation, transduction), and selective pressure from antibiotic use. Mutations can lead to changes in bacterial genes, while horizontal gene transfer allows for the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria. Selective pressure favors the survival and proliferation of resistant bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombinant bacteria can be formed through transformation, conjugation, and transduction. In transformation, bacteria take up free DNA from the environment. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact. Transduction occurs when bacteriophages transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another during infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation in bacteria involves two cells being temporarily joined through a pilus, establishment of a mating bridge for direct contact, and transfer of a plasmid containing antibiotic resistance genes from the donor to the recipient. This process contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance by allowing bacteria to donate DNA, including R plasmids, which carry antibiotic resistance genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduction in bacteria occurs when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, leading to replication of the phage genome and protein synthesis. Some bacterial DNA can be packaged in the new virus, and upon infection of a new bacterium, recombination allows the integration of the donor’s allele in the recipient’s genome. This facilitates the exchange of genetic material between bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation in bacteria involves the release of DNA from one bacterium, which can be taken up by another bacterium directly from the extracellular environment. This process is utilized in molecular biology laboratories to create new bacterial strains and clone genes, such as in the production of the COVID-19 vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The F factor contains genes required to make the pilus, which is involved in the process of conjugation. This selfish DNA enhances its own transmission and can carry genes, including antibiotic resistance genes, that are spread through conjugation, thereby contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotic resistance can be transmitted vertically through inheritance due to the heritability of acquired resistance. Only the resistant strains can grow, leading to a selection for resistance and the perpetuation of antibiotic resistance genes in subsequent generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four main processes through which bacteria can exchange genetic material are conjugation, transduction, transformation, and replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many new antibiotics are synthesized to inhibit new cellular targets, such as the cell membrane and protein synthesis, as a response to the emergence of more and more resistant bacterial strains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of bacteria to exchange DNA through conjugation, transduction, and transformation contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance and genetic variation. This can lead to the emergence of more resistant bacterial strains and the need for the synthesis of new antibiotics targeting different cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are generally more susceptible to antibiotics, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane, making them more resistant to antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and archaea have diverse nutritional requirements and play a role in infectious diseases and the human microbiome. They can be classified based on their energy and carbon sources as phototrophs, chemotrophs, photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction in bacteria occurs through binary fission, resulting in exponential population growth with distinct phases: lag, log, stationary, and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dr. Richard Lenski's Long-Term Evolutionary Experiment with E. coli demonstrated rapid evolution and adaptation to harsh conditions, highlighting the ability of bacteria to evolve rapidly despite their small size and genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics, posing a challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections. The presence of antibiotic resistance underscores the importance of understanding bacterial evolution and genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fimbriae are short appendages that aid bacteria in adhering to substrates or other cells, while capsules are dense layers of polysaccharides or proteins that surround the cell wall, providing protection and aiding in adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, play crucial roles in food webs by absorbing energy from the environment and assimilating minerals into biomass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and archaea have diverse nutritional requirements and can be classified based on their energy and carbon sources as phototrophs, chemotrophs, photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria can evolve rapidly, as demonstrated by Dr. Richard Lenski's Long-Term Evolutionary Experiment with E. coli, showing adaptation to harsh conditions and rapid evolution despite their small size and genome. The presence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria underscores the importance of understanding their evolution and genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria have a protective cell wall made of peptidoglycan, which contributes to antibiotic resistance. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that provides additional resistance to antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and archaea play a role in infectious diseases and the human microbiome, with a ratio of 1:10^12 human cells to bacteria. They have diverse nutritional requirements and can be classified based on their energy and carbon sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while archaea have a different structure made of pseudomurein. Capsules are dense layers of polysaccharides or proteins that surround the cell wall, providing protection and aiding in adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers