Prokaryotes: Locomotion and Surface Structures

Questions and Answers

What is the process called when a prokaryotic cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment?

Horizontal gene transfer

Transduction

Conjugation

Transformation (correct)

Prokaryotes can only obtain energy from light.

False

What is the term for the movement of genes among individuals from different species?

Horizontal gene transfer

In conjugation, a donor cell attaches to a recipient by a ______________, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA.

pilus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following prokaryotes with their modes of nutrition:

Phototrophs = Obtain energy from light Chemotrophs = Obtain energy from chemicals Autotrophs = Require CO2 as a carbon source Heterotrophs = Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?

Nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

Obligate anaerobes can survive with or without O2.

False Signup and view all the answers

Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without ___________________.

O2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of archaea live in highly saline environments?

Extreme halophiles Signup and view all the answers

Chlamydia are Gram-positive bacteria.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of methanogens' metabolic process?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are _______________ that generate O2.

photoautotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacteria with their characteristics:

Proteobacteria = Gram-negative, include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs Chlamydia = Parasites that live only within animal cells Spirochetes = Helical heterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prokaryotes in the recycling of chemical elements?

They break down dead organisms and waste products Signup and view all the answers

Mycoplasms are the largest known cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is symbiosis in the context of ecology?

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of fimbriae in prokaryotes?

To stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony Signup and view all the answers

All prokaryotes have complex compartmentalization.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of bacterial flagella?

A motor, hook, and filament Signup and view all the answers

Many bacteria exhibit __________, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus.

taxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pili (or sex pili) in prokaryotes?

To exchange DNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions:

Fimbriae = To stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony Pili = To exchange DNA Flagella = To propel themselves Endospores = To survive harsh conditions Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can reproduce sexually.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endospores in bacteria?

To survive harsh conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer of a bacterium that enables binding to cell surfaces and evasion of phagocytosis?

Capsule Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and one cell membrane.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

Flagella allow for bacterial movement. Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can have different shapes, including coccus (circular), bacillus (rod-shaped), and _______________________.

spiral Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pili in bacteria?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane of bacteria is impermeable, allowing no substances to enter or leave the cell.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bacterial layers with their descriptions:

Capsule = A semi-permeable membrane that allows transportation of substances Plasma membrane = A semi-rigid structure that enables bacterial classification into gram-positive and gram-negative groups Cell wall = A polysaccharide-containing layer that enables binding to cell surfaces and evasion of phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Gram-positive bacteria have _______________________, which enables binding to cell walls and recognition by macrophages.

lipoteichoic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fixing cells to the slide in the Gram stain procedure?

to prepare the cell for staining Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Graham's iodine in the Gram stain procedure?

to form a dye complex with crystal violet Signup and view all the answers

Why do Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet iodine complex during the Gram stain procedure?

because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decolorization with ethanol on Gram-negative bacteria during the Gram stain procedure?

they lose the crystal violet iodine complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of safranin in the Gram stain procedure?

to stain Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Why do Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet iodine complex during the Gram stain procedure?

because they have a thin peptidoglycan layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between the Gram stain and the cell wall structure among bacteria?

Gram stain correlates with the cell wall structure among bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding ethanol to the slide during the Gram stain procedure?

it removes the crystal violet iodine complex from Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the evolution of 'super bugs'?

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?

It revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives from infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

They destroy beneficial microbes in the gut, leading to an imbalance in the microbiome Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Mega-Plate experiment?

To study the evolution of antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria reproduce rapidly, leading to the evolution of antibiotic resistance?

Through a rapid process of cell division, allowing them to evolve resistance quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the warning that Alexander Fleming gave regarding the use of antibiotics?

The misuse of antibiotics would make them ineffective against infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of antibiotic resistance spreading from animal populations to humans and crops?

It reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics against infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Mega-Plate experiment's results?

It demonstrated that E. coli mutants evolved resistance to antibiotics in just 11 days Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial DNA exists in two parts: bacterial ______ and bacterial plasmid

chromosome Signup and view all the answers

The process of extracting a small part of the bacterial to become a plasmid or reintegration of the plasmid into the bacterial is called transposition

chromosome, chromosome Signup and view all the answers

In conjugation, F+ bacteria link with F- bacteria, creating a mating ______, and transfer a copy of their plasmid to the F- bacteria

bridge Signup and view all the answers

Transformation is the ability of bacteria to take up ______ DNA from the environment and use it

naked Signup and view all the answers

In transduction, a bacteriophage carrying its own DNA injects this DNA into a bacterial cell, and the viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial ______

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Lysogenic phage gives bacteria new abilities, such as producing ______

exotoxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phylogenetic tree of life in relation to domains of life?

It shows the three main domains of life: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Domain Archaea and Eukarya are sister taxa, meaning they did not share a common ancestor.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of environments where Archaea are typically found?

Extreme environments, such as high temperatures and high salinity. Examples include hot springs, the Dead Sea, and the Great Salt Lake. Signup and view all the answers

The domain _______________________ includes all single-celled prokaryotic organisms.

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups of archaea with their characteristics:

Halophiles = extreme salt lovers Thermophiles = heat lovers Methanogens = methane producers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histones in Archaea and Eukarya?

To organize DNA Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are some beneficial functions performed by domain Bacteria?

Nitrogen fixation and decomposition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics?

Mutations in the bacterial genome Signup and view all the answers

Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics problematic?

They can destroy beneficial microbes in the gut Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Mega-Plate experiment?

To study the evolution of antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the misuse of antibiotics?

Destruction of beneficial microbes and increased susceptibility to infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?

It revolutionized medicine and saved millions of lives Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria spread antibiotic resistance?

Through horizontal gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

What was Alexander Fleming's warning regarding the use of antibiotics?

That they would lead to the evolution of resistant bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the rapid reproduction of bacteria?

The quick spread of antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prokaryotic Characteristics

Prokaryotes have fimbriae, allowing them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
Pili (or sex pili) are longer than fimbriae and enable prokaryotes to exchange DNA

Locomotion

Many bacteria exhibit taxis, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus
Most motile bacteria propel themselves using flagella, which are composed of a motor, hook, and filament

Internal Organization

Prokaryotic cells usually lack complex compartmentalization
Some prokaryotes have in-foldings of the plasma membrane that perform metabolic functions
The genome consists of a circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region
Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids

Prokaryotic Reproduction

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, with short generation times
Many prokaryotes form metabolically inactive endospores, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
Three factors contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes: rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination
Mutation rates during binary fission are low, but rapid reproduction allows mutations to accumulate rapidly in a population

Domain Archaea

Archaea share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes
Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called extremophiles
Extreme halophiles (Clade Euryarchaeota) live in highly saline environments
Extreme thermophiles (Clade Crenarchaeota) thrive in very hot environments
Methanogens (Clade Euryarchaeota) live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs
Chlamydia are parasites that live only within animal cells
Spirochetes are helical heterotrophs, with some being parasites
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that generate O2
Gram-positive bacteria include Actinomycetes, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, and some Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

Ecological Importance

Prokaryotes play a major role in the recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems
Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and waste products
Prokaryotes can increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth

Symbiosis and Genetic Recombination

Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont
Genetic recombination occurs through transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Conjugation is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Metabolism and Nutrition

Prokaryotes can be categorized by how they obtain energy and carbon
Phototrophs obtain energy from light, chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals, autotrophs require CO2 as a carbon source, and heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds
Energy and carbon sources are combined to give four major modes of nutrition
Nitrogen metabolism is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids
In nitrogen fixation, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

Bacteria Structure

Bacteria are the largest group of microorganisms with medical significance.
They come in three main shapes: coccus (circular), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral.
Other shapes include coca bacillus (in between coccus and bacillus) and vibrio (spiral and bacillus).

Bacterial Movement and Appendages

Some bacteria have flagella, thin rigid filaments made of proteins, allowing for bacterial movement.
Hair-like appendages called fimbriae and pili are used for binding to cell surfaces and causing disease.
Pili are shorter than fimbriae but perform the same function.
Pili are also involved in bacterial conjugation, the transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

Bacterial Layers

The outermost layer is the capsule, which has polysaccharides and enables binding to cell surfaces and evasion of phagocytosis.
The innermost layer is the plasma membrane, a semi-permeable membrane allowing transportation of substances in and out of the cell.
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, similar to those found in human cells.
The cell wall is a semi-rigid structure that enables bacteria to be classified into gram-positive and gram-negative groups.

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and one cell membrane.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and two cell membranes.
Gram-positive bacteria have lipoteichoic acid, which enables binding to cell walls and recognition by macrophages.
Gram-negative bacteria have lipid-like structures on the outer cell membrane, including lipoproteins and lipid A, which can cause diseases and shock syndromes.

Cytoplasm and DNA

Cytoplasm contains water, enzymes, ribosomes, and circular DNA.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
The DNA in bacteria is circular, unlike the linear DNA found in humans (except in mitochondria).
Plasmids are small, circular genetic information found in the cytoplasm, which can be incorporated into the circular DNA or transferred between bacteria through conjugation.

Gram Stain Procedure

A thin film of cells from a fresh culture is prepared on a clean slide and allowed to dry.
Cells are fixed to the slide by brief heat fixation using a Bunsen burner flame.
The slide is stained with crystal violet for 30-40 seconds, resulting in all cells appearing purple under the microscope.
Excess crystal violet is removed by rinsing with water, and then the slide is treated with Graham's iodine for about one minute.
Decolorization is achieved by washing the slide with ethanol or acetone, which removes the crystal violet from Gram-negative bacteria but not from Gram-positive bacteria.
The ethanol or acetone is added drop-wise to the slide until the colour just starts to run clear.
Excess ethanol is washed off with water, and the slide is counter-stained with safranin for 20-30 seconds, which stains Gram-negative bacteria pink.

Gram Stain Mechanism

The Gram stain method is based on the differences in bacterial cell wall structure.
In Gram-positive bacteria, the ethanol treatment shrinks the thick peptidoglycan layer, which retains the crystal violet iodine complex.
The thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria acts as a permeability barrier, preventing the loss of the crystal violet iodine complex.
In Gram-negative bacteria, the thin peptidoglycan layer has large pores, allowing ethanol to extract lipids and increase porosity, resulting in the loss of the crystal violet iodine complex.

Antibiotics and Microbes

Antibiotics are natural substances produced by microbes to kill other microbes, with a history of use spanning billions of years.
Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics in 1928 by isolating penicillin from a contaminated bacterial culture.
Penicillin revolutionized medicine, saving millions of lives from infections.
Most commercial antibiotics are broad-spectrum, capable of destroying beneficial microbes in the gut, leading to microbiome imbalance.

Problems with Antibiotics

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the evolution of resistant bacteria, also known as "super bugs."
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics, making them ineffective.
Misuse of antibiotics destroys beneficial microbes, increasing susceptibility to infections.

The Mega-Plate Experiment

The Mega-Plate experiment involved growing E. coli bacteria in agar jelly with increasing concentrations of antibiotics.
The results showed that E. coli mutants evolved resistance to antibiotics in just 11 days.

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria reproduce rapidly, allowing them to evolve resistance quickly.
Exposure to antibiotics selects for bacteria with resistant mutations, leading to the spread of resistant microbes.
Antibiotic resistance can spread from animal populations to humans and crops.

Fleming's Warning

Alexander Fleming warned that overusing antibiotics would lead to the evolution of resistant bacteria, making them ineffective against infections.
Fleming advocated for judicious use of antibiotics to prevent unintended consequences on the microbiome.

Smart Use of Antibiotics

Antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial diseases, not viral diseases.
Unnecessary antibiotic use leads to the evolution of resistant bacteria and disrupts the microbiome.
Wise and moderate use of antibiotics is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Bacterial Genetics

Bacterial DNA consists of two parts: a larger, more complex bacterial chromosome and a smaller bacterial plasmid that floats inside the bacteria.

Transposition

Involves the extraction of a small part of the bacterial chromosome, which can become a plasmid or reintegrate into the chromosome.
Only affects plasmid DNA, not chromosome DNA.
Enables bacteria to share DNA with other bacteria through plasmid transfer.

Conjugation

Occurs between F+ bacteria (possessing a sex pilus) and F- bacteria (lacking a sex pilus).
The sex pilus is encoded by the plasmid, not the chromosome.
F+ bacteria form a mating bridge with F- bacteria and transfer a copy of their plasmid, resulting in both bacteria becoming F+.

Transformation (Competence)

The ability of certain bacteria to take up naked DNA from their environment and utilize it.
Allows bacteria to acquire new traits, such as antibiotic resistance.
Exclusively observed in Streptococcus pneumoniae, H.influenza, and Neisseria.
Requires the uptake of free DNA from the environment.

Transduction

The process in which a bacteriophage (bacterial virus) injects its DNA into a bacterial cell.
The viral DNA integrates into the bacterial DNA and begins replicating.
Can result in bacterial death (lytic phage) or not (lysogenic phage).
Lysogenic phages can grant bacteria new capabilities, such as producing exotoxins.

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

Emphasizes domain levels of organization, showing three main domains: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
Domain Eukarya and Archaea are sister taxa, sharing a common ancestor, despite differences in cellular structure

Similarities between Archaea and Eukarya

Share RNA polymerase with multiple subunits
Have methionine as the start amino acid during protein synthesis
Possess histones, which organize DNA
These similarities suggest a closer evolutionary relationship between Archaea and Eukarya

Domain Archaea

Found in extreme environments, such as high temperatures and high salinity
Examples include Halophiles, Thermophiles, and Methanogens
Five groups of archaea: URI Archaea and Crenarchaeota, among others

Domain Bacteria

Includes all single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Found in almost every environment on earth
Perform beneficial functions: nitrogen fixation and decomposition
Can cause disease: stomach ulcers and Lyme disease

Subdivisions of Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria:
- Alpha Proteobacteria (Rhizobium)
- Beta Proteobacteria
- Gamma Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens)
- Delta Proteobacteria
- Epsilon Proteobacteria (Helicobacter pylori)
Chlamydiae:
- Gram-negative bacteria that live within animal cells
- Examples: Chlamydia trachomatis
Spirochetes:
- Gram-negative bacteria with a helical shape
- Examples: Borrelia and Treponema
Cyanobacteria:
- Gram-negative bacteria that perform photosynthesis
- Examples: Oscilloria
Gram-positive bacteria:
- Examples: Bacillus and Staphylococcus

Bacterial Diversity

Found in almost every environment on earth
Play important roles: nitrogen fixation and decomposition
Can cause disease, but many are harmless or beneficial to humans

Antibiotics and Microbes

Antibiotics are natural substances produced by microbes to kill other microbes, with a history of use spanning billions of years.
Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics in 1928 by isolating penicillin from a contaminated bacterial culture.
Penicillin revolutionized medicine, saving millions of lives from infections.
Most commercial antibiotics are broad-spectrum, capable of destroying beneficial microbes in the gut, leading to microbiome imbalance.

Problems with Antibiotics

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the evolution of resistant bacteria, also known as "super bugs."
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics, making them ineffective.
Misuse of antibiotics destroys beneficial microbes, increasing susceptibility to infections.

The Mega-Plate Experiment

The Mega-Plate experiment involved growing E. coli bacteria in agar jelly with increasing concentrations of antibiotics.
The results showed that E. coli mutants evolved resistance to antibiotics in just 11 days.

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria reproduce rapidly, allowing them to evolve resistance quickly.
Exposure to antibiotics selects for bacteria with resistant mutations, leading to the spread of resistant microbes.
Antibiotic resistance can spread from animal populations to humans and crops.

Fleming's Warning

Alexander Fleming warned that overusing antibiotics would lead to the evolution of resistant bacteria, making them ineffective against infections.
Fleming advocated for judicious use of antibiotics to prevent unintended consequences on the microbiome.

Smart Use of Antibiotics

Antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial diseases, not viral diseases.
Unnecessary antibiotic use leads to the evolution of resistant bacteria and disrupts the microbiome.
Wise and moderate use of antibiotics is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.

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Description

This quiz covers the surface structures and locomotion mechanisms of prokaryotes, including fimbriae, pili, taxis, chemotaxis, and flagella.

Prokaryotes: Locomotion and Surface Structures

Questions and Answers

What is the process called when a prokaryotic cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment?

Prokaryotes can only obtain energy from light.

What is the term for the movement of genes among individuals from different species?

In conjugation, a donor cell attaches to a recipient by a ______________, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA.

Match the following prokaryotes with their modes of nutrition:

What is the term for the process by which some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)?

Obligate anaerobes can survive with or without O2.

Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without ___________________.

What type of archaea live in highly saline environments?

Chlamydia are Gram-positive bacteria.

What is the byproduct of methanogens' metabolic process?

Cyanobacteria are _______________ that generate O2.

Match the following bacteria with their characteristics:

What is the role of prokaryotes in the recycling of chemical elements?

Mycoplasms are the largest known cells.

What is symbiosis in the context of ecology?

What is the main function of fimbriae in prokaryotes?

All prokaryotes have complex compartmentalization.

What is the main component of bacterial flagella?

Many bacteria exhibit __________, the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus.

What is the function of pili (or sex pili) in prokaryotes?

Match the following terms with their functions:

Bacteria can reproduce sexually.

What is the function of endospores in bacteria?

What is the outermost layer of a bacterium that enables binding to cell surfaces and evasion of phagocytosis?

Gram-negative bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and one cell membrane.

What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

Bacteria can have different shapes, including coccus (circular), bacillus (rod-shaped), and _______________________.

What is the function of pili in bacteria?

The plasma membrane of bacteria is impermeable, allowing no substances to enter or leave the cell.

Match the following bacterial layers with their descriptions:

Gram-positive bacteria have _______________________, which enables binding to cell walls and recognition by macrophages.

What is the purpose of fixing cells to the slide in the Gram stain procedure?

What is the function of Graham's iodine in the Gram stain procedure?

Why do Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet iodine complex during the Gram stain procedure?

What is the result of decolorization with ethanol on Gram-negative bacteria during the Gram stain procedure?

What is the purpose of safranin in the Gram stain procedure?

Why do Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet iodine complex during the Gram stain procedure?

What is the correlation between the Gram stain and the cell wall structure among bacteria?

What is the result of adding ethanol to the slide during the Gram stain procedure?

What is the primary reason for the evolution of 'super bugs'?

What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?

What is the consequence of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

What was the purpose of the Mega-Plate experiment?

How do bacteria reproduce rapidly, leading to the evolution of antibiotic resistance?

What is the warning that Alexander Fleming gave regarding the use of antibiotics?

What is the result of antibiotic resistance spreading from animal populations to humans and crops?

What is the significance of the Mega-Plate experiment's results?

Bacterial DNA exists in two parts: bacterial ______ and bacterial plasmid

The process of extracting a small part of the bacterial ______ to become a plasmid or reintegration of the plasmid into the bacterial ______ is called transposition

In conjugation, F+ bacteria link with F- bacteria, creating a mating ______, and transfer a copy of their plasmid to the F- bacteria

Transformation is the ability of bacteria to take up ______ DNA from the environment and use it

In transduction, a bacteriophage carrying its own DNA injects this DNA into a bacterial cell, and the viral DNA is integrated into the bacterial ______

Lysogenic phage gives bacteria new abilities, such as producing ______

What is the significance of the phylogenetic tree of life in relation to domains of life?

Domain Archaea and Eukarya are sister taxa, meaning they did not share a common ancestor.

What are the types of environments where Archaea are typically found?

The domain _______________________ includes all single-celled prokaryotic organisms.

Match the following groups of archaea with their characteristics:

What is the function of histones in Archaea and Eukarya?

Cyanobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria.

What are some beneficial functions performed by domain Bacteria?

What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics?

Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics problematic?

What was the purpose of the Mega-Plate experiment?

What is the consequence of the misuse of antibiotics?

What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin?

How do bacteria spread antibiotic resistance?

What was Alexander Fleming's warning regarding the use of antibiotics?

What is the result of the rapid reproduction of bacteria?

Study Notes

Prokaryotic Characteristics

Locomotion

Internal Organization

Prokaryotic Reproduction

Domain Archaea

Domain Bacteria

Ecological Importance

The process of extracting a small part of the bacterial to become a plasmid or reintegration of the plasmid into the bacterial is called transposition