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Questions and Answers
Which statement about the cell membrane and wall of Archaea is correct?
Which statement about the cell membrane and wall of Archaea is correct?
What is a key characteristic of methanogens?
What is a key characteristic of methanogens?
Which of the following organisms would be classified as an extreme thermophile?
Which of the following organisms would be classified as an extreme thermophile?
Which environment is least likely to support halophiles?
Which environment is least likely to support halophiles?
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What is the optimal growth temperature range for psychrophiles?
What is the optimal growth temperature range for psychrophiles?
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What is a potential outcome of bacteria swapping and gaining new DNA?
What is a potential outcome of bacteria swapping and gaining new DNA?
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How does the use of antibiotics on a bacterial population affect its overall strength?
How does the use of antibiotics on a bacterial population affect its overall strength?
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What is the consequence of a patient ceasing antibiotic treatment early?
What is the consequence of a patient ceasing antibiotic treatment early?
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Which of the following statements about the characteristics of bacteria and mutations is false?
Which of the following statements about the characteristics of bacteria and mutations is false?
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Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
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What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
What is the primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
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Which reproductive process allows for the exchange of genetic information between two bacterial cells?
Which reproductive process allows for the exchange of genetic information between two bacterial cells?
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What characteristic of endospores enables bacteria to survive in extreme environments?
What characteristic of endospores enables bacteria to survive in extreme environments?
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Which type of symbiotic relationship is characterized by one organism benefiting while the other is not affected?
Which type of symbiotic relationship is characterized by one organism benefiting while the other is not affected?
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What is the significance of mutations in bacterial populations?
What is the significance of mutations in bacterial populations?
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What is the main component that makes up the bacterial cell wall?
What is the main component that makes up the bacterial cell wall?
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Which classification of bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?
Which classification of bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?
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How are ribosomes involved in cellular function?
How are ribosomes involved in cellular function?
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What type of bacteria can utilize both aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation depending on oxygen availability?
What type of bacteria can utilize both aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation depending on oxygen availability?
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What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?
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Which of the following statements about bacterial metabolism is true?
Which of the following statements about bacterial metabolism is true?
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Which shape is not associated with bacterial classification?
Which shape is not associated with bacterial classification?
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What characteristic is common among bacteria that are classified as saprotrophs?
What characteristic is common among bacteria that are classified as saprotrophs?
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What characteristic primarily distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria?
What characteristic primarily distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria?
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Which of the following groups contains ancestors of chloroplasts?
Which of the following groups contains ancestors of chloroplasts?
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What is the role of the slime layer or capsule found in some bacteria?
What is the role of the slime layer or capsule found in some bacteria?
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Which type of bacteria is typically more resistant to antibiotics?
Which type of bacteria is typically more resistant to antibiotics?
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Which of the following bacteria is known for causing diseases such as gonorrhea and dysentery?
Which of the following bacteria is known for causing diseases such as gonorrhea and dysentery?
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What is the general effect of the peptidoglycan layer on Gram-positive bacteria regarding their interaction with the human body?
What is the general effect of the peptidoglycan layer on Gram-positive bacteria regarding their interaction with the human body?
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Which feature is NOT associated with Gram-positive bacteria?
Which feature is NOT associated with Gram-positive bacteria?
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What type of structure do flagella represent in bacteria?
What type of structure do flagella represent in bacteria?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotes: Archaea & Eubacteria
- Prokaryotes are a domain of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Archaea and Eubacteria are two domains of prokaryotes
- Archaea differ from Eubacteria in their cell wall and cell membrane structure, as archaea do not contain peptidoglycan.
- Archaea thrive in extreme environments.
Domain Archaea
- Archaea is a kingdom that contains organisms that are prokaryotic.
- Archaea differ from eubacteria due to the absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and membranes
- Archaea contain specialized enzymes that are not denatured by their environment.
- Archaea encompass three branches: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Korarchaeota.
- Examples of specific archaea types and their environments include:
- Methanogens: live in low oxygen environments (e.g., sediments, digestive tracts of herbivores), generate methane gas.
- Halophiles: live in highly saline environments.
- Extreme thermophiles: live in extremely hot environments (e.g., hot springs, hydrothermal vents), optimal growth temperature between 70°C to 95°C
- Psychrophiles: live in cold environments (e.g., Arctic oceans) and have optimal growth temperature between -10°C to -20°C.
Domain Eubacteria
- This domain contains the kingdom of bacteria.
- Eubacteria are often simply referred to as bacteria
- Eubacteria include twelve branches
- Some examples of bacteria branches are: Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Spirochetes, and Chlamydias
Important Groups of Eubacteria: Key Features
- Proteobacteria: Ancestor of mitochondria; some are photosynthetic or nitrogen-fixing organisms. Several cause diseases (e.g., bubonic plague, gonorrhea).
- Cyanobacteria: Ancestor of chloroplasts; photosynthetic
- Gram-positive bacteria: Commonly found in food production or causing diseases.
Gram Staining
- Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure.
- Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls with peptidoglycan, which retain the crystal violet stain
- Gram-negative bacteria have thinner cell walls with an outer membrane and less peptidoglycan, which do not retain the crystal violet stain.
- Gram-negative bacteria are often more resistant to antibiotics.
Bacterial Shapes
- Bacteria can be classified by shape:
- Coccus (round)
- Bacillus (rod)
- Spirillum (spiral)
- Bacteria can also be grouped by their arrangement (if forming chains or clusters)
Why Bacteria are Successful
- Bacteria exhibit diversity in metabolism (autotrophic, heterotrophic).
- Bacteria have different oxygen requirements (obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes).
- Bacteria occupy many ecological niches (producers, decomposers, symbiotic relationships).
- Some bacteria can form endospores, protective structures allowing them to withstand environmental stressors
Bacterial Reproduction
- Bacteria primarily reproduce asexually through binary fission (one cell splits into two identical cells)
- Bacteria exhibit horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transformation, and transduction
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are effective against bacteria, but not viruses
- Exposing bacteria to antibiotics selects for antibiotic resistance genes.
- Proper antibiotic use and patient adherence to the full prescription are essential for limiting antibiotic resistance.
Importance of Bacteria to Health
- Bacteria are important to the ecosystem and human health, playing roles as producers, decomposers, and in forming symbiotic relationships.
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Description
This quiz explores the fascinating world of prokaryotes, focusing on the two domains: Archaea and Eubacteria. It covers their structural differences, extreme environments where Archaea thrive, and specific types of Archaea. Test your knowledge on these unique microorganisms and their classifications.
