Chapter 21

A period of social and political reform in late 19th and early 20th century America, addressing issues like urban sprawl, immigration, corruption, labor conditions, and discrimination.

Investigative journalists who exposed social problems and encouraged public action during the Progressive Era.

A muckraking journalist and photographer who documented the harsh living conditions of the urban poor in New York City.

A prominent female muckraker who investigated and exposed the abuses of Standard Oil.

Unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social status in society.

Journalists who investigated and exposed social problems, corruption, and political scandals during the Progressive Era in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Changes aimed at addressing social and economic problems arising from industrialization, like unsafe working conditions, child labor, and corruption in government.

A nominating election where voters directly choose candidates for office, bypassing party conventions. This replaced older methods.

Three election reforms that gave voters more power over laws and public officials. Initiative allows voters to propose laws, referendum allows voters to approve/reject existing laws and recall allows voters to remove elected officials.

A set of ideas uniting Progressives that included striving for a perfect democracy, emphasizing efficiency and expertise, and reforming the modern market economy for better social justice.

Oregon became the first state to allow citizens to remove elected officials from office via a vote.

This amendment to the U.S. Constitution established the direct election of U.S. senators by voters, replacing the election by state legislatures.

A system of local government where multiple commissioners, each responsible for specific city functions (like water, fire, or police), are elected to run the city.

A system of local government where citizens elect a city council who then hires a professional city manager to manage the day-to-day operations.

A progressive reform program, implemented by Gov. Robert La Follette, that led to reforms on taxes, worker's rights and elections.

Scientific management approach to factory production focusing on efficiency and repetitive tasks, often resented by workers.

Efforts to address social problems like inequality and poverty during the Progressive Era, including initiatives for women, children, immigrant workers, and workers in general.

Organization advocating for child labor laws in early 20th century America.

US law prohibiting interstate trade of goods produced by child labor, although later deemed unconstitutional.

Tragedy in NYC exposing dangerous factory conditions for garment workers, mainly women, and prompting workplace safety legislation.

The fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, and William Shepherd's detailed account, shocked the public, highlighting poor working conditions and prompting reforms.

A movement advocating the ban on alcohol sales, driven by groups like the WCTU and Anti-Saloon League, and culminating in the 18th Amendment.

Progressives who believed mainstream reforms were insufficient and sought a complete societal revolution.

A radical political party advocating for change through the electoral process.

A radical labor union emphasizing worker empowerment.