Programming Paradigms Quiz

Procedure-Oriented Programming

• Known as structured programming, focuses on organizing programs into functions or procedures.
• The program is designed as a sequence of procedures, each performing a specific task.

Console and Swing Programming

• Console programming utilizes text-only interfaces for Java applications.
• Swing programming enables the creation of graphical user interfaces.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• OOP is a programming methodology where objects are the fundamental building blocks of software.
• Objects represent real-world entities, consisting of attributes (data) and behaviors (methods).

Key Differences: Organization

• In procedural programming, data and functions are separate; functions operate on global data.
• In OOP, data (attributes) and functions (methods) are encapsulated within objects.

Key Differences: Reusability

• Functions in procedural programming can be reused but often require manual management of related data.
• OOP allows for object reusability and extension, promoting inheritance.

Key Differences: Maintainability

• Procedural growth complicates data flow management, making it harder to understand.
• OOP promotes maintainability through encapsulation and modularity, localizing changes to classes.

Key Concepts of OOP

• Encapsulation: Bundling attributes and methods into a single unit.
• Inheritance: Mechanism that allows one class to inherit properties and behaviors from another.
• Polymorphism: Different objects respond uniquely to the same method call.
• Abstraction: Hiding complex details while presenting necessary features.
• Modularity: Enabling individual parts of a system to be developed and understood without full system knowledge.
• Reusability: Facilitating repeated use of certain programs.

Classes and Objects

• A class serves as a blueprint for creating objects, defining attributes and methods.
• Objects are instances of classes that can have unique values for their attributes.
• Super Class: The base or parent class.
• Sub Class: The derived or child class.
• Classes can be static (no instantiation required) or non-static (must be instantiated).

Attributes and State

• Attributes represent the state of objects and can be manipulated by methods.
• State refers to the current values of an object's attributes, which can change over time.

Methods

• Functions defined within a class that determine the behavior of class objects.
• Abstract Method: A method with no implementation.

Interfaces

• A collection of methods representing behaviors that classes can implement.
• Interfaces define a standard set of methods for different classes.

Types of Methods

• Instance Method: Operates on instances of the class.
• Static Method: Belongs to the class rather than individual instances and does not modify object attributes.

Packages

• Group related classes and interfaces, helping prevent naming conflicts.
• Java class libraries are found in the java package, with java.lang being accessible by default.

Instantiation

• The process of creating an object from a class using the keyword new.

Scanner Class

• Used to read user input in Java; belongs to the java.util package.
• Common methods include:
  • nextLine(): Reads a line of text.
  • nextInt(): Reads next token as an integer.
  • nextDouble(): Reads next token as a double.
  • Additional methods for reading boolean, byte, long, and short values.

BufferedReader Class

• Also used for reading user input, located in java.io package.
• Key methods include:
  • read(): Reads a single character.
  • readLine(): Reads an entire line of text.

Comments in Java

• Single-line comments start with //.
• Multi-line comments are enclosed in /* ... */.

Main Method in Java

• Entry point for every Java application, declared as public static void main(String[] args).
• Modifiers public and static define access and execution context.
• Accepts an array of strings as arguments.

System.out Object

• Utilized for outputting data to the console.
• print() method sends output to the screen, while println() adds a new line after the output.