Programming Languages Overview

History of Programming Languages

• Programming languages have evolved, impacting complexity and security.

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

• Data Hiding: Protecting internal data from direct access.
• Abstraction: Simplifying complex systems by showing essential features.
• Encapsulation: Combining data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit.
• Inheritance: Creating new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties.
• Polymorphism: The ability of an object to take on many forms.

Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming

• A comparison of the two programming paradigms.

Problem-Solving Strategies

• Top-Down: Breaking down a problem into smaller, more manageable subproblems.
• Bottom-Up: Combining simpler solutions to solve a complex problem.

Arrays

• Problems involving array solutions.

Function Concepts

• Inline Functions: Code substitution, enabling faster execution.
• Default Arguments: Predefined argument values in functions.
• Function Prototyping: Declaring functions before their definition.
• Function Overloading: Having multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.
• Call by Value: Passing a copy of the argument.
• Call by Reference: Passing a memory address of the argument.
• Call by Pointer: Passing a memory address of the argument.
• Return by Reference: Returning a reference to a variable, allowing modification of the original variable.

Namespaces

• Introduction to namespaces for organizing code.

Classes and Objects

• Specifying a Class: Defining the structure and behavior.
• Creating Class Objects: Instantiating class structures.
• Accessing Class Members: Retrieving and manipulating object data.
• Access Specifiers (Public, Private, Protected): Controlling access to members, crucial for inheritance implications.
• Objects and Memory: Understanding object storage in memory.

Static Members and Objects

• Static Members: Shared across all objects and maintained at class-level.
• Static Objects: Single object per class, maintained at class-level.

Constant Members and Objects

• Constant Member Functions: Functions that cannot modify class data.
• Constant Objects: Objects whose members cannot be modified.

Friend Functions and Classes

• Friend Functions: Functions granted access to private/protected class members.
• Friend Classes: Classes granted similar access rights to another classes' members.

Passing Objects as Arguments

• Passing objects by value, reference, and address.

Constructors and Destructors

• Constructors: Initialization of objects during creation.
• Destructors: Resource cleanup and object deallocation.
• Copy Constructor: Duplication of existing objects.
• Deep Copy: Creating copies where data is copied truly.
• Dynamic Constructors: Constructors that operate when instances are created dynamically.
• Constructors and Destructors with Static Members: Complex interactions with class-level data.

Operator Overloading

• Defining Operator Overloading: Extending operators to work with custom data types.
• Rules for Operator Overloading: Specific rules and restrictions for manipulating operators.
• Unary Operators: Operators applied to a single operand (e.g., ++, --).
• *Binary Operators (+, -, /, ): Operators applicable to two operands.
• Binary Operators using Friend Functions: Operators that operate using friend function support .
• Operator Overloading for Strings: Manipulating strings using operators (+, -, comparison).
• Comparison Operators (>, <, ==): Overloading these operators for user-defined data types.