Programming 1 - Introduction to Programming
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step to take after implementing an algorithm in code?

  • Modify the program to adapt to changes.
  • Verify that the algorithm works. (correct)
  • Divide the problem into sub-problems.
  • Document the algorithm thoroughly.

    • When faced with a complex problem, what is the recommended approach?

  • Attempt to solve the entire problem at once.
  • Implement the solution directly without breaking it down.
  • Divide it into sub-problems. (correct)
  • Ignore it until more information is available.

    • What is essential to do after modifying a program in response to changes in the problem domain?

  • Only document the modifications made.
  • Disregard testing since changes are minor.
  • Verify that the updated code still functions correctly. (correct)
  • Start implementing a completely new algorithm.

    • Which of the following statements accurately reflects best practices in algorithm implementation?

    <p>Every implementation must undergo verification unless time-constrained. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mistake when implementing algorithms for complex problems?

    <p>Skipping the verification phase post-implementation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be determined first when defining problem requirements for a program?

    <p>Whether user interaction is required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an algorithm in problem-solving?

    <p>A step-by-step process to solve a specific problem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When defining input requirements, which question is least relevant?

    <p>How many users will interact with the program? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about designing an algorithm for problem solving is incorrect?

    <p>An algorithm can only be linear and sequential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a critical aspect of determining expected output in programming?

    <p>It clarifies what a user should receive after inputting data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents the importance of analyzing a problem in programming?

    <p>Understanding the problem aids in developing efficient algorithms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the programming process, which of the following best defines the role of methods?

    <p>Methods create modular code that enhances reusability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When managing arrays in programming, what is a common misconception?

    <p>The size of an array can be dynamically changed throughout the program. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a tricky aspect of controlling program flow?

    <p>The impact of return statements on method execution flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most challenging part of solving problems during program development?

    <p>Translating real-world problems into algorithmic solutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Algorithm Implementation

    The process of translating a conceptual algorithm into working code.

    Algorithm Verification

    Testing whether your coded algorithm produces the expected outputs for a variety of inputs.

    Algorithm Maintenance

    Modifying a working algorithm to adapt to changing needs or new information.

    Problem Decomposition

    Breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable pieces.

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    Program Maintenance

    The ongoing process of using and adapting a program to solve a problem.

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    What is programming?

    Solving a problem using a set of instructions that a computer can understand.

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    What is a Program Development Life Cycle?

    A structured process of creating and developing a program.

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    Analyze the problem

    The first step in the Program Development Life Cycle, where you clearly understand the problem you're trying to solve.

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    What is the first step in the Program Development Life Cycle?

    The programmer must gather information about the problem's requirements and constraints.

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    What is the second step in the Program Development Life Cycle?

    The programmer must develop a solution that meets the problem's specifications.

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    Problem Requirements

    The specific needs and features that a program must have to solve a particular problem.

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    User Interaction

    Whether the program needs to interact with users for input or output.

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    Input

    The type of data the program takes from the user.

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    Output

    The results the program produces after processing the input.

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    Algorithm

    A set of instructions that outlines how a problem will be solved step-by-step.

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    Study Notes

    Programming 1 - Introduction to Programming

    • This is a course in programming.
    • The course outlines cover introduction to programming, introduction to Java programming, controlling program flow, methods, and arrays.
    • Programming is a process of problem solving.
    • The program development life cycle has three main steps:
      • Analyze the problem: understand the problem, define requirements (user interaction, input, output), design steps (algorithm).
      • Implement the algorithm: Write the code, verify it works.
      • Maintenance: use and modify the program for changes in the problem.
        • Subdivide complex problem into subproblems for easier analysis.
    • Examples: A program to find the area of a rectangle; and calculating wages

    Programming 1 - Introduction to Java Programming

    • Keywords and structure of Java programs.

    • Package: a group of classes

    • Class: data items and methods.

    • Main method: the entry point for execution.

    • Java: case sensitive

    • Console window: the output text box.

    • Structure of a Java program: Class, Main method, and statements (commands).

    • System.out.println(): prints a line of output in Java.

      • Two examples: System.out.println("text"); prints the given text, and System.out.println(); prints a blank line.

    • Compile/Run a Java program:

      • Code: The instructions or set of instructions in a program are written.
      • Compile: transaltes to bytecode using javac.
      • The bytecode runs on the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), using java.

    • Identifier: A name given to an item in a program.

      • Starts with a letter (a-z, A-Z) underscore ( _ ) or dollar sign ($).
      • Examples : Legal : myName, TheCure, ANSWER_IS_42, $bling$; Illegal : me+u, 49ers, side-swipe, Ph.D's.

    Programming 1 - Evolution of Programming Languages

    • Programming Language: a set of rules to write a program.
      • Low-Level Languages:
        • Machine language: The language of a computer. Binary code (a sequence of 0s and 1s).
        • Assembly language: Mnemonic instructions that are translated to machine language using an assembler.
      • High-Level Languages: use English-like commands that are translated to machine language using a compiler, and are easier to write, and maintain, but may not be executed as fast as low-level programs.
        • Examples: Basic, C, C++, C#, Java

    Programming 1 - Programming Errors

    • Syntax errors: Detected by the compiler.
    • Runtime errors: Causes the program to abort.
    • Logic errors: Produce incorrect results.

    Programming 1 - Strings

    • String: A sequence of characters.
    • Enclose string with double quotes (" ").
    • The characters within double quotes are not printed.
    • Restrictions: strings do not span multiple lines, and cannot contain a ".
    • Escape Sequences: Used to represent special characters in a string, and use a backslash () to mark.
      • Examples: \n new line character; \t tab character; " quotation mark character; \ backslash character.

    Programming 1 - Questions

    • Answers to various questions on the output of various print statements; writing print statements to produce output; What println statements will generate a given output; What is the output of following println statements?

    Programming 1 - Comments

    • Comments are notes in the source code that describe the code for clarity and are ignored during compilation and run time.
    • Single-line comments begin with //.
    • Multi-line comments begin with /* and end with */.
    • The location of comments: at the start of the source code file; at the start of each method; or to explain complex pieces of code.

    Programming 1 - Print vs. println

    • print versus println - the difference is that println inserts a new-line character after printing the text.

    Programming 1 - Data Types

    • Type: A name for a data category or set of values.
      • Examples: int (integer), double (real numbers), string, byte (a single byte), short (a shorter integer), long (long integer), float (single-precision floating point), char (representing code units in the Unicode encoding schema), boolean (with two boolean values: true and false)

    Programming 1 - Expressions

    • An expression is a value or operation that computes a value.
      • Examples: 1 + 4 * 5, (7 + 2) * 6 / 3, 42

    Programming 1 - Arithmetic Operators

    • Operators are used to combine multiple operands (values) or expressions.
      • Examples: + (addition), + ( subtraction), * ( multiplication), / (division),%(modulus).
    • Evaluation: the process of getting the values of an expression during program execution

    Programming 1 - Integer Division

    • Integer division with / : the quotient is an integer, e.g., 14/4 = 3.
    • Division by zero causes a run-time error.

    Programming 1 - Integer Remainder

    • The % operator computes the remainder from an integer division, e.g., 14 % 4 = 2.

    Programming 1 - Precedence

    • Precedence: the order in which operations are evaluated.
      • Parentheses () have the highest precedence for operations.
      • Multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%) have higher precedence than addition (+) and subtraction (-).
      • If multiple operators have the same precedence, the arithmetic operations are evaluated from left to right.

    Programming 1 - Real Numbers

    • Real numbers use the data types double or float, e.g., 6.022, -42.0, 2.143e17.
    • The operators +,-,*,/,% still apply to real numbers.
    • Real number division produces an exact answer.

    Programming 1 - Mixing Types

    • When int and double are combined, the result of the operations is a type double.

    Programming 1 - String Concatenation

    • String concatenation: Using + between a string and other value to produce a larger string.
    • Note: + is used to print string values and their associated values together, e.g., "grade is" + grade.

    Programming 1 - Variables

    • Variables: named storage locations for values, whose type determines what can be performed on them.
    • Declaration: Declaring with type and name, e.g., int x;. Initialization: Assigning a value to a variable. e.g., x = 3; Use: Applying the variable e.g., print out or using in expressions.
    • Declaration/initialization: Combine declaration and initialization in one statement. e.g., int x; x = 3;, double GPA; GPA = 3.95
    • Assignment: storing a value in a variable: e.g., int x; x = 3;. -Note: The assignment operator = means storing the value of the right operand into the variable on the left. The right side is evaluated first, then the result is stored in the variable on the left.

    Programming 1 - Compile Errors

    • A Variable can't be used before it is assigned a value.
    • A variable can only be declared once.

    Programming 1 - Increment and Decrement

    • Increment (++) and decrement (--): short-hand for adding or subtracting 1 to/from a variable's value in expressions, e.g., x++; or x--; or more complex e.g., x+=3.
    • Modify-and-assign: shortcuts for modifying a variable's value with an operator, e.g. x+=3; or gpa-=0.5;.

    Programming 1 - Type casting

    • Type casting: converting a value from one type to another.
      • To convert an int to a double in division, e.g., (double)19/5 = 3.8; or (int) Math.pow(10, 3)=1000.

    Programming 1 - Calling Math methods

    • Math methods have parameters (inputs) and return a value, e.g., Math.abs() or Math.pow(); etc. Math methods do not do printing to the user console.

    Programming 1 - Arrays

    • Arrays: Objects that store multiple values of the same type.
      • Element: A value in an array.
    • Index: A number that specifies the position of an element in an array (indexes start from 0); e.g., for a given array named name, name[index] gives the value at that index in the array.
    • Array Declaration: used to allocate memory for storing elements of a given type and size.
      • Example: int[] numbers = new int[10] creates an integer array named numbers, with 10 slots.
    • Array Declaration with values: An array can be declared to include values, e.g., int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3};
    • Accessing array elements: Reading from or writing into elements using their corresponding indexes, e.g., numbers[3] is the 4th element of the numbers array.
    • Arrays and for loops: Elements of arrays can be initialized and read by for loops.
    • Arrays of other types: Different data types like double or boolean can be stored in an array declared in the same manner as an integer or a character array.
    • Length field: name.length gives the size or length of the array.
    • Out-of-bounds: accessing array elements using indexes beyond 0 to n-1 (the highest valid index in the array) throws an error (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException).

    Programming 1 - Two-dimensional Arrays

    • Two-dimensional Array: tables of elements with rows and columns.
    • Syntax: dataType[][] name = new dataType[rows][cols]; for initialization in Java, or for dataType[][] name = {{values}, {values}};.
    • Accessing array elements: use name[row][col].

    Programming 1 - Looping Statements- Introduction to for, while, and do...while

    • Types of for, while, and do...while loops - loops are used to iteratively execute a set of statements or code.
    • For loops: For definite loops and known number of times to iterate.
      • Syntax: for(initialization; condition; update); where initialization is often a counter or variable, condition is a statement that tests if a variable meets a condition e.g., n <=10, and update is to update a variable e.g. i++.
      • Example: for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { };
    • while and do...while : useful for indefinite loops or when the number of iterations is not known in advance. while loops perform a test before executing the loop body, whereas do...while loops test at the end of each repetition. For do...while, the body of the loop is guaranteed to run at least once.
      • Example: int n = 0; while(n < 10){ // code}
    • Notes on looping statements: the break or continue statements can act inside a while loop to alter its execution flow, typically a break will exit the loop completely, whereas continue will skip execution of the remainder of a given iteration.

    Programming 1 - Scanner

    • Scanner is used to get input from the user.
    • Using Scanner in Java programs: In order to read data from the user, you need to import and call the Scanner class.
    • Scanner class and its methods: The methods of this class can read different types of data like integer values, double-precision floating point values or floating points from the user.
    • Note: Each method waits for the user to press Enter and returns the value they typed.

    Programming 1 - Math Class

    • Math class: includes many mathematical functions in Java and allows for easy calculation of a series of values.
    • Math.sqrt(value): Calculate Square root.
    • Math.pow(base, exp): Calculate an exponential expression.
    • Math.abs(value): give the absolute value (distance from 0) of a value.
    • Math.round(value): find nearest whole number
    • Other methods, include Math.ceil(value) to round up value; or Math.floor(value) for rounding down. And trigonometrical functions.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of programming, focusing on the process of problem-solving and the development life cycle. Key topics include Java programming, controlling program flow, and working with methods and arrays. Perfect for beginners eager to learn the structure and logic behind programming.

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