Professional Standards and Cyberbullying Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in deep learning?

Classifying images (correct)

Classifying time series data

Generalizing data patterns

Transferring learning models

Which of the following describes the foundation of Deep Learning?

Decision Trees

Linear Regression

Support Vector Machines

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (correct)

What was the significant achievement of AlexNet at the 2012 ImageNet competition?

It outperformed all previous handcrafted algorithms drastically. (correct)

It was the first algorithm to be implemented for time series data.

It introduced basic neural network models.

It used reinforcement learning to classify images.

What type of data is Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) primarily used to classify?

Time series data Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hidden layers in a deep neural network?

To consist of learnable parameters and improve learning Signup and view all the answers

What should individuals not do when representing the Society?

Speak on behalf of the Society without authority Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of cyberbullying?

Posting someone’s embarrassing photos with consent Signup and view all the answers

Based on the 2020 Child Online Safety Index, what percentage of 8- to 12-year-olds experienced cyberbullying?

45% Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a recommended action to take if you are being cyberbullied?

Save evidence of the bullying Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect is commonly associated with cyberbullying?

Suicidal thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior might indicate that someone you care about is being cyberbullied?

Decline in work or school performance Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to restrict access to your social media accounts if being harassed?

Enable strict privacy settings or block users Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is advisable to take when facing cyberbullying?

Talk to someone you trust Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'informational privacy' as described by Anita L. Allen?

The protection of personal data and confidentiality of individual information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes unusual online behavior that may indicate a privacy concern?

Not using technology at all or using it excessively Signup and view all the answers

What is one major concern regarding the release of personal profile details by researchers from OkCupid?

The users were not informed of the data being used Signup and view all the answers

What role does whistle-blowing play in large organizations?

It helps reveal unethical practices when internal accountability fails Signup and view all the answers

Which event highlighted internal mismanagement and accountability failures within organizations?

The 1986 Challenger Disaster Signup and view all the answers

Why is constant monitoring by law enforcement often not feasible in organizations?

It requires excessive resources and manpower Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why unethical practices in organizations might not be revealed?

Leadership may cover up unethical conduct to protect the company Signup and view all the answers

What is one ethical issue related to the actions of Cambridge Analytica?

They violated data protection standards and user privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a whistle-blower?

To make unauthorized disclosures about harmful situations after internal channels fail. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a condition under which whistle-blowing might be considered morally permissible?

The organization shows a risk of serious harm to employees or the public. Signup and view all the answers

According to De George, when should an employee exhaust internal procedures?

If their immediate supervisor does nothing effective about the concern. Signup and view all the answers

What additional requirement makes whistle-blowing morally obligatory according to De George?

The employee must have good reasons to believe necessary changes will occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common objection to De George's criteria for whistle-blowing?

The criteria do not account for immediate action in emergencies. Signup and view all the answers

What does De George require regarding evidence for whistle-blowing?

The whistle-blower needs documented proof that is convincing to impartial observers. Signup and view all the answers

What factor does De George suggest impacts the decision to blow the whistle?

The risk involved and the likelihood of bringing about change. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is essential for whistle-blowing according to De George's framework?

Serious harm must be evident to the organization. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main benefits of AI in autonomous navigation?

Improves accuracy of predictions and reduces costs Signup and view all the answers

Which AI application is primarily used for enhancing customer interaction in business?

Chatbots Signup and view all the answers

How does AI contribute to healthcare advancements?

Enables faster analysis of medical images Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concern regarding the misuse of AI technology?

Deepfake technology spreading false information Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of AI as it develops from Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) toward more advanced forms?

Realizing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Signup and view all the answers

Which area significantly benefits from AI technologies in precision agriculture?

Nutrient and water management Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative outcome associated with AI biases?

Potential discrimination based on biased data Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a use of AI in consumer electronics?

Smart surveillance systems Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Society Professional Standards

Members of the Society must uphold and improve professional standards by actively participating in their development and enforcement.
They must refrain from seeking personal advantage at the expense of the Society.
Members are prohibited from speaking on behalf of the Society without proper authorization.
Slandering the professional reputation of others is strictly forbidden.
Members must utilize their specialized knowledge and skills to advance human welfare.

Cyberbullying Definition

The use of the internet or digital devices to inflict psychological harm on an individual or group.

Cyberbullying Examples

Repeatedly sending hurtful messages via text or email.
Spreading false and damaging information about someone.
Tricking someone into revealing private information.
Publicly disclosing someone's secrets without their consent.
Posting embarrassing photos or videos of others without their permission.
Impersonating someone online to harm their reputation.
Making threats or causing significant fear in another person.

Cyberbullying Prevalence

45% of 8- to 12-year-olds experienced cyberbullying globally, either as bullies or victims.
In Singapore, 40% of 8- to 12-year-olds and 52% of 13- to 19-year-olds have been exposed to cyberbullying.

Cyberbullying Effects

Depression and anxiety
Low self-esteem
Sleep difficulties
Headaches and stomach aches
Suicidal thoughts
Suicide attempts
Eating disorders

Cyberbullying Response

Do not blame yourself for being cyberbullied.
Avoid retaliating against the bully.
Save evidence by taking screenshots of messages.
Confide in someone you trust about the situation.
Block the bully from contacting you.
Report the bullying to appropriate authorities.
Keep social media passwords private.
Restrict access to your social media profiles.
Consider deleting and creating a new social media account if harassment persists.

Recognizing Cyberbullying in Others

Observe changes in mood or personality.
Notice decline in school or work performance.
Note a lack of interest in activities they normally enjoy.
Identify distress after using a phone or going online.
Recognize secrecy surrounding online activities.
Be aware of unusual online behavior, such as complete avoidance or excessive use of devices, or frequent notifications.
Observe the deletion of social media accounts.

Informational Privacy

Digital and online technologies significantly impact privacy, particularly informational privacy which encompasses confidentiality, anonymity, data protection, and secrecy of personal information.

Informational Privacy Violation Example

Researchers published the profile details of 70,000 OkCupid users without their consent, raising concerns about the violation of informational privacy.

Right to Privacy

International and regional human rights instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 12), recognize the right to privacy.

Whistle-Blowing

It can be challenging to hold individuals accountable for unethical or illegal actions within large organizations.
Law enforcement and regulators cannot constantly monitor internal operations of organizations.
Leadership within organizations may cover up corrupt activities.

Whistle-Blowing Examples

The 1986 Challenger Disaster and recent cases like Wirecard and Cambridge Analytica highlight the consequences of unchecked misconduct.

Whistle-Blower Definition

A whistle-blower is someone who exposes harmful situations within an organization after authorized channels fail to address concerns.

Whistle-Blowing Circumstances

The decision to whistle-blow can arise in any organization, not just government agencies or businesses.

NTU Whistle-Blowing Channel

NTU has a dedicated and seriously-taken whistle-blower channel.

Whistle-Blowing Moral Considerations

Richard T. De George, a business ethics expert, suggested that whistle-blowing is morally permissible when three conditions are met:
- The organization causes significant harm to employees or the public.
- Concerns are reported to immediate supervisors.
- Internal procedures and possibilities are exhausted.
De George also proposed that whistle-blowing becomes morally obligatory if two additional conditions are met:
- Documented evidence supporting the situation exists.
- Going public is likely to bring about necessary changes.

First Objection to De George's Criteria

The criteria can be too strict.
It may be morally permissible to whistle-blow even if all conditions aren't met, especially when immediate action is required to prevent serious harm to the public.

License and Assignment Agreements

The specific language used in these agreements is crucial.

AI Present Day Renaissance

Powerful computers (cloud computing, GPUs) have become widely available.
The availability of massive datasets through the internet and smartphones enables Big Data.
Advancements in software algorithms, specifically Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), have driven this renaissance.

Deep Learning (DL)

A popular implementation of ML based on Deep Neural Networks that mimics the workings of the human brain.

Deep Neural Network

Utilizes multiple hidden layers, each with learnable parameters that can be adjusted based on large datasets.
Allows for more sophisticated algorithm learning and pattern recognition by mimicking the human brain.

Deep Learning Applications

Classifying number-based data using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).
Classifying images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN).
Analyzing time series data (like audio) using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN).
Deep Reinforcement Learning for learning through interactions with the environment.
Transfer Learning for applying knowledge gained from one task to another.

AI Applications

Robotics (autonomous machines)
Autonomous Automotive and Navigation (enhancing safety, reducing costs, improving convenience)
Social Media (recommendation systems, targeted advertising)
Consumer Electronics (AI-powered smartphones, smart devices, security cameras)
Business and E-Commerce (inventory management, demand forecasting, personalized marketing, chatbots)
Banking and Finance (business analytics, algorithm trading, credit risk assessment, wealth management, fraud detection)
Healthcare (medical image analysis, early disease detection, drug development, genomic profiling)
Farming and Precision Agriculture (nutrient and water management, pest and disease detection, crop health monitoring)
Education (personalized learning strategies, AI tutors, automated grading, AI-based proctoring).

AI Concerns

Job displacement.
Misuse of AI for malicious purposes (deepfakes).
Explainability of AI decisions.
Bias in AI systems.
Ethical implications of AI decision-making.

AI Summary

AI rapidly transforms how we live.
It increases efficiency, enhances safety, improves productivity, and allows for more creative pursuits.
Current AI technologies are categorized as Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), with the goal of eventually achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
Responsible development and use of AI is crucial to mitigate potential risks.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the professional standards expected from society members and delves into the definition and examples of cyberbullying. Understanding these concepts is crucial for safeguarding professional integrity and promoting a safe digital environment. Test your knowledge on these significant issues in today's society.