Questions and Answers
In real-life, personal writing includes writing ______ such as shopping lists and reminders.
items
In English classes, learners practice ______ writing through activities like hangman and speech bubbles.
creative
Official writing in real-life situations includes writing ______ to inquire about products or services.
enquiries
Teachers should consider ______ aspects of writing, such as the use of technology and real audiences.
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In real-life, institutional writing includes writing ______ to document meetings and discussions.
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In English classes, learners practice ______ writing through activities like writing letters and invitations.
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Textual competence involves knowledge of ______ and genres
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Rhetorical competence includes ______, metaphors, and structure
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Writing strategies include ______, drafting, and editing
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The process of writing involves ______, drafting, and revising
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One type of writing is written ______, which includes email and letter of complaint
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The process-based approach focuses on the ______ of writing
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The procedural aspect of writing includes a method which consists of ______ or pre-writing, drafting, and revising and editing.
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Generating ideas can be done through ______ such as mind maps, think pair share, sample texts, and so on.
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The ______ aspect of writing focuses on the product of writing by examining the formal surface elements and discourse structure of sample texts.
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When drafting, students should consider the ______ reader or audience.
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Revising and editing usually builds on ______ or assessments by peers or the teacher.
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The key concern in the genre/text-based approach is ______ makes a good text.
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Declarative knowledge is involved in helping students to identify their writing ______.
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The Creative Approach stresses ______, expressive writing, aesthetics, feeling for language, imagination, and experimentation.
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In the Creative Approach, improvisation is a ______ to help learners express personally relevant meanings.
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Mediation makes communication possible between persons who are unable to communicate with each other ______.
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In Mediation, the mediator interprets and communicates by paraphrasing the most relevant ______ for a particular audience.
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Mediation involves transferring ______ between individuals with no common language.
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Study Notes
Different Kinds of Writing
- Real-life writing includes social writing (emails, letters, invitation cards, text messages), personal writing (shopping lists, reminders, recipes, diaries, blogs), official/public writing (enquiries, complaints, forms, applications, exams), study writing (essays, term papers), institutional writing (agendas, minutes, CVs), and creative writing (stories, poems, songs)
- English classes include various types of writing, such as copying, playful writing, filling in blanks, personal writing, social writing, official writing, creative writing, dictations, summaries, and interpretations
- Discrepancy exists between writing to communicate with others and writing to or for the teacher
Implications for Teaching Writing
- Bring in motivation and feelings when teaching writing
- Consider pragmatic aspects: orientation towards everyday writing, real audiences, actual communication, and use of technology
- Use different forms of writing: informative, emotive, argumentative, descriptive, reporting, justifying, taking a stand, and creative writing
Teaching Writing as a Competence
- Competences needed for writing include textual competence, linguistic competence, rhetorical competence, writing strategies, and motivation
- Focus on both the product and the process of writing
- The process of writing involves planning, drafting, (1st) writing, revising and editing, and (2nd) writing
- Types of writing include written interaction, written production, and written mediation
Approaches to Develop Writing Competence
Process-based Approach
- Focus on the steps of writing
- Writing is a process that acknowledges gradual creation of texts
- Key concern is how writers create good texts
- Methods involve planning or pre-writing, drafting, and revising and editing
- Planning involves generating ideas, getting into the mood of writing, and structuring ideas
- Drafting involves getting ideas into a linear order and considering the implied reader
- Revising and editing involve considering content, style, grammar, and other aspects of writing
Genre/Text-based Approach
- Focus on the product of writing by examining sample texts
- Effective when working with standardised texts
- Key concern is what makes a good text
- Methods involve helping students identify writing needs, building awareness of discourse organisation, and enabling students to apply criteria of an effective text
Creative Approach
- Moves beyond purely utilitarian objectives of language use
- Stresses creativity, expressive writing, aesthetics, and feeling for language
- Important for learners to express personally relevant meanings
- Often uses genre as a starting point
- Methods involve improvisation, feeling for language, fantasy, open tasks, and unconventional products
Mediation
- Makes communication possible between persons who are unable to communicate with each other directly
- Involves transferring information between individuals with no common language
- Requires interpreting and communicating by paraphrasing relevant information for a particular audience
- Often involves speakers of different languages and potentially adding cultural information
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Description
This quiz covers different types of writing including real-life, personal, official, study, institutional, and creative writing. It's part of the Productive Competences session.
