Production and Operations Management Overview

A period of major technological advancement primarily focused on replacing human labor with machines and establishing factories, significantly altering production methods.

Bringing workers together in a centralized location (factories) to increase efficiency, organizing production scientifically.

Breaking down production into smaller, specialized tasks assigned to workers, enhancing efficiency.

Goods were primarily handcrafted by skilled workers in their homes or workshops, resulting in unique, one-of-a-kind items.

The process of establishing goals and developing strategies to achieve desired production outcomes

The continuous monitoring and regulation of the production process to ensure it stays on schedule and meets quality standards

The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom, where advancements in technology were significant.

The organized group of methods, people, and tools for designing, producing, or delivering products.

The process of designing, operating, and improving the conversion process, transforming various inputs into products and services.

The process of converting one form of material into another, adding value at each stage and enhancing the product's utility for the user.

Manufacturing one or a few products, each customized to meet customer specifications within a set time and cost.

High variety of products, low production volume, use of general-purpose machines, skilled operators, and large material inventory.

The application of operations management principles to the service industry, important for efficiency and optimization.

Production is a process by which goods and services are created.

Production includes manufacturing custom-made products (e.g., boilers) and standardized products (e.g., cars).

The concept where standardized parts are made to fit any product of the same type, allowing mass production. This replaced the previous method where each part was unique and could not be easily swapped.

Interchangeable parts enabled the shift from individual production to large-scale volume production, making items like watches and clocks more accessible.

The period after the American Civil War (1865-1877) saw rapid industrial expansion due to a combination of factors like increased capital, labor, and transportation.

Businesses where ownership is divided into shares, allowing many investors to contribute capital. These emerged during the post-Civil War period, changing the way businesses were organized.

During the post-Civil War period, the distinction between those who owned capital (financiers) became distinct from those who managed the business (employers).

A theory focused on optimizing production using scientific methods, prioritizing efficiency and standardization, particularly in using machinery.

A famous American mechanical engineer who developed the theory of Scientific Management in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Scientific Management centers on the machines and their operation, rather than just the human worker's skill. It aims to improve the system of work and maximize productivity.

A production process that runs uninterrupted for long periods, creating highly standardized products with minimal customization. Examples include the production of plastics, chemicals, and sugar.

A production process that involves repetitive assembly tasks, creating high volumes of products with limited variety. Examples include automobile and electronic device manufacturing.

A production process that stops periodically to allow for the different processing steps required for varied products. This results in slower production compared to continuous and semi-continuous processes. Examples include job shops and batch production.

A type of intermittent process where products are highly individualized, requiring different machines and processes in different sequences.

A type of intermittent process where a group of identical items are produced using the same machines and processes in the same order.

Routing defines the sequence of operations for manufacturing, determining the path materials and components follow through different machines and workstations until they become a finished product. It involves deciding on what to manufacture, material requirements, operation sequencing, lot sizes, material waste, production costs, and production control methods.

Scheduling assigns specific time slots to each activity in the production sequence ensuring the overall task is completed within the designated timeframe. It helps meet delivery deadlines.

Loading involves assigning tasks to different machines based on their capacity or load handling capabilities. It optimizes resource utilization.

Production planning aims to optimize efficiency and productivity by determining the best use of resources (materials, machines, and manpower) to achieve the desired production outcomes.

Production Planning and Control encompasses the activities of routing, scheduling, and loading to efficiently plan and manage the production process.

Routing streamlines production by establishing a pre-determined workflow, eliminating unnecessary steps, and reducing the potential for bottlenecks.

Scheduling is vital for meeting production deadlines, ensuring timely delivery, and maximizing resource utilization.

Loading considers the capabilities and limitations of each machine to ensure that no machine is overloaded and resources are allocated effectively.

The use of the internet as the backbone of business activities, enabling online shopping, communication, and information access.

A precursor to the internet, created in 1969 by the US Department of Defense, serving as a communication network for research and development.

The internet revolutionized how people access information, shop, and communicate through web pages, forms, and interactive search engines.

The process of international integration, fostering the exchange of culture, products, ideas, and perspectives between different nations.

Globalization drives intensified competition among businesses and nations, encouraging healthy rivalry through enhanced communication and trade agreements.

Decision-making related to the production process, ensuring products or services are produced according to specifications, schedules, and at the lowest cost.

The design, operation, and improvement of the transformation process, converting inputs into desired outputs of products and services.

Operations management principles are applied to the service industry to enhance efficiency and optimize service delivery.