Process Memory Layout and Elements Quiz
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Process Memory Layout and Elements Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used when the OS creates a process at the explicit request of another process?

  • Process spawning (correct)
  • Process termination
  • Scheduling/Execution
  • Resource ownership

    • In which process state is a process waiting for some events to occur?

  • Ready
  • Waiting/Blocked (correct)
  • Running
  • New

    • What does a Dual-Core Design refer to in the context provided?

  • A design where processes communicate through system calls
  • A design where two processing units work simultaneously in one integrated circuit (correct)
  • A design where two processes share the same memory space
  • A design where a process can have multiple threads running concurrently

    • What does the process state 'Ready' signify?

    <p>The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reason for process termination involves the process exceeding a set time limit for execution?

    <p>Time limit exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the OS perform in relation to resources to prevent unwanted interference between processes?

    <p>Resource ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using multiprocessor systems over single-processor systems?

    <p>Increased throughput</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing?

    <p>Asymmetric uses a master-slave approach, while symmetric uses a shared memory approach for communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that interrupts are used in computer systems?

    <p>To allow the processor to pause and wait for a slow I/O device to complete its task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between multiprogramming (batch systems) and time-sharing (multitasking) systems?

    <p>Multiprogramming uses job scheduling algorithms, while time-sharing uses a time-sharing mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a process control block (PCB) in an operating system?

    <p>To store the current state of a process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the memory management unit (MMU) in a computer system?

    <p>To provide a virtual memory abstraction to processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical element stored in a Process Control Block (PCB)?

    <p>Memory cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the dispatcher in an operating system?

    <p>It switches the CPU from one process to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of a process's memory layout typically contains global variables?

    <p>Data section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the accounting information stored in a Process Control Block (PCB)?

    <p>It keeps track of the CPU time and memory usage for the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of a process's memory layout is used to store memory dynamically allocated during runtime?

    <p>Heap section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a trace in the context of processes?

    <p>It lists the sequence of instructions executed by a process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Process Creation

    • Child process: a new process created by an existing process
    • Process spawning: when the OS creates a process at the explicit request of another process

    Process Termination

    • Reasons for process termination:
      • Normal completion
      • Time limit exceeded
      • Memory unavailable
      • Bounds violation
      • I/O failure
      • Invalid/Privileged instruction
      • Parent termination/request

    Process States

    • New: the process is being created
    • Ready: the process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
    • Running: instructions are being executed
    • Waiting/Blocked: the process is waiting for some events to occur
    • Terminated/Exit: the process has finished execution

    Process State Transition Diagram with Suspend States

    • Swapping: when none of the processes in main memory is in the Ready state, the OS swaps one of the blocked processes out on to disk into a suspend queue

    Processes Resource Ownership

    • A process includes a virtual address space to hold the process image
    • The OS performs a protection function to prevent unwanted interference between processes with respect to resources

    Process Execution

    • A process follows an execution path that may be interleaved with other processes
    • A process has an execution state (Running, Ready, etc.) and a dispatching priority and is scheduled and dispatched by the OS

    Dual-Core Design

    • A CPU that has two processing units in one integrated circuit
    • Cores work simultaneously to achieve a much faster operating speed
    • Cores can handle tasks simultaneously because each core has its own cache memory and controller

    Computer-System Architecture

    • Most systems use a single general-purpose processor
    • Multiprocessors systems are growing in use and importance
    • Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
    • Advantages include increasing throughput
    • Two types of multiprocessors:
      • Asymmetric Multiprocessing: processors are not treated equally, master-slave approach
      • Symmetric Multiprocessing: all processors are treated equally, shared memory approach

    Operating System Structure

    • Multiprogramming (Batch system): OS switches to another job when current job needs to wait
    • Time sharing (Multitasking system): switching happens when allowed time expires or where there is another reason for current process to wait

    Interrupts

    • Problem: I/O devices are slower than the processor, causing wasted processor time
    • Solution: interrupts allow different modules to interrupt the normal sequencing of the processor

    Process Memory Layout

    • Text section containing program code
    • Data section containing global variables
    • Heap containing memory dynamically allocated during run-time

    Process Elements

    • Process Control Block (PCB) contains elements that characterize a process
    • Elements include:
      • Identifier: used to differentiate between processes
      • State: identifies what the process is being used for
      • Priority: OS processes with high priority must execute first
      • Program counter: the address of the next instruction
      • Memory pointers: start and end memory locations of a process
      • Context data: represent the registers’ values used in the process
      • I/O status information: the status of the required I/O operations needed for the process
      • Accounting information: includes CPU time, memory size used, the time for resources

    Process Terminologies

    • Trace: the behavior of an individual process by listing the sequence of instructions that execute
    • Dispatcher: a small program that switches the processor from one process to another

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the memory layout of a process and its elements. This quiz covers function parameters, return addresses, local variables, global variables in the data section, heap memory, and the Process Control Block (PCB).

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