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Questions and Answers
What is the primary motivation for black hat hackers?
Which type of hacker has permission to access a system?
What distinguishes gray hat hackers from white and black hat hackers?
What is a bug bounty program?
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What constitutes illegal hacking?
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What constitutes a strong password?
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What is the purpose of two-factor authentication?
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Which of the following is an essential feature of secure sites?
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What caution should you take when using public computers?
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Why is it advisable to use a password manager?
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What do privacy policies typically require from users?
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What is a common misconception about password creation?
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What does the 's' in 'https://' signify?
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What are the potential consequences for a criminal hacker in the United States?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of personal security related to password management?
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What is one of the main goals of current cybersecurity threats?
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Why is the job outlook for cybersecurity positions expected to grow rapidly?
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What distinguishes cloud storage from local storage?
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What is one of the prevalent styles of cyber attacks mentioned?
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What is a fundamental principle of cybersecurity highlighted in the learning?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with hacking ethics?
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What is a significant advantage of cloud storage compared to locally stored data?
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What is meant by digital divide?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of communication mentioned?
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What type of project is Foldit an example of?
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Which of the following diseases has NOT benefited from distributed computing projects like Folding@home?
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What is the primary function of crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter?
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What did Open databases change regarding access to scientific publications?
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What is a potential risk associated with Wikileaks as mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary advantage of DNA computers over traditional computers?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding quantum computers?
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What role does artificial intelligence play in the medical field?
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What characteristic distinguishes quantum computers from traditional computers?
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Which of the following problems is DNA computing least suited for?
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What is a significant risk associated with autonomous weapons?
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What task is still challenging for computers despite advancements in AI?
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What aspect is true regarding the nature of traditional computers?
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Study Notes
Privacy and Security
- Privacy refers to the appropriate use of personal data.
- Security involves the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data.
Strong Passwords
- Passwords should be 8-20 characters long.
- Passwords should include uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters such as $%^#&@.
- Use different passwords for different accounts.
Two-Factor Authentication
- An added layer of security that requires two steps for verification.
- Common methods include: texting a pin to your phone, calling your phone with a unique pin, or asking a security question specific to you.
Password Managers
- Help manage and diversify passwords.
- Users must keep their master password safe.
Secure Sites
- Look for "https://" in the URL, where "s" denotes a secure connection.
- Avoid websites with excessive pop-ups (one or two are generally acceptable).
- Use caution and good judgment when browsing online.
Secure Hardware Access
- Be aware of permissions related to: webcam access, audio access, microphone access, and location access.
Privacy Policies
- Legal documents outlining how websites store and share user data.
- Often lengthy and detailed, which may deter users from reading them.
Security Reminders
- Use caution when browsing online.
- Follow best practices for creating strong passwords.
- Verify website security before logging in.
- Exercise extra caution when using public computers.
- Stay updated on the latest online safety recommendations.
Hacking Ethics and Legality
- Hacker: An individual who exploits weaknesses in computer systems or networks.
Black Hat Hackers
- Criminal hackers who breach secure networks to destroy, modify, or steal data.
- May disrupt network functionality.
- Hack for personal gain or to cause harm.
- Face serious legal consequences for their actions.
White Hat Hackers
- Ethical hackers who are authorized to penetrate systems for security testing purposes.
- Often hired for penetration testing to identify vulnerabilities before malicious attackers exploit them.
- Contribute to the development of robust security systems.
Gray Hat Hackers
- Operate between ethical and unethical hacking practices.
- Hack without permission, often illegally.
- May contact organizations to report vulnerabilities and request payment.
Bug Bounty Programs
- Companies offer financial rewards for reporting vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them.
- Specific products or methods may be excluded from the program.
Legal Hacking
- Examples include: working as a penetration tester, following the rules of a bug bounty program, and hacking educational sites specifically designed for practice (e.g., hackthissite.org).
Illegal Hacking
- Exploiting vulnerabilities for personal gain.
- Hacktivism (hacking for political or social causes).
- Attempting to find vulnerabilities without permission (grey hat hacking).
- Breaking the rules of a bug bounty program.
Consequences of Illegal Hacking
- Felony charges.
- Prison sentences (up to 20 years).
- Fines (up to $15,000).
Common Security Problems
- Digital Privacy in a Transparent Society:
- The need for secrecy remains prevalent.
-
CIA Triad Toolbox:
- Emphasizes personal and organizational security.
Personal Security
- Differentiate between HTTP and HTTPS connections (HTTPS signifies a secure connection).
- Examine password field limitations (e.g., character restrictions, special character allowances, email address restrictions).
- Be wary of situations where credentials are sent via email, new passwords are emailed, or password changes are not confirmed.
- Look for CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) on websites.
Current Events:
- Identify the goal of the attack (e.g., website disruption, data theft).
- Determine the extent and nature of the data compromised.
- Investigate the organization's response and support for affected customers.
- Brainstorm preventative measures.
OWASP
- Open Web Application Security Project, a resource for web security best practices.
Living in a Digital World
- Fortification Principles:
- Hackers only need to get it right once.
- Those developing and deploying systems must always get it right.
Cybersecurity Employment Outlook
- 2017 median pay: $95,510.
- Requires a bachelor’s degree.
- Job outlook (2016-2026): 28% growth (much faster than average), compared to 7% growth for all occupations.
SQLi and XSS
- Understanding SQL queries is crucial for comprehending these prevalent cyberattacks.
- Foundation for understanding SQLi (SQL Injection) and XSS (Cross-Site Scripting).
Words to Know for a Quiz
- Data Security: Safeguarding data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
- Hacking Ethics: Moral principles guiding hacker behavior, differentiating between ethical and unethical hacking practices.
- Phishing: Using deception to trick people into providing sensitive information (e.g., passwords, credit card details).
- Malware: Software designed to harm and exploit computer systems (e.g., viruses, ransomware).
- Weak Passwords: Easily guessable passwords that lack complexity and strength.
- File and Folder Management: Organizing files and folders effectively for efficient access and retrieval.
- Cloud Storage: Storing data on multiple servers in various locations for redundancy and accessibility.
- Local Storage: Storing data directly on a device (e.g., computer, smartphone).
- Cloud storage: saves data on multiple servers at different locations.
- Access Control: Setting permission levels to control user access and editing capabilities for files.
- Read-Only: Access permission restricted to viewing a file only, preventing any alterations.
- Digital Divide: The gap between individuals and communities with and without access to the internet and digital technologies.
File Management Part 1:
- File: A unit of data with a specific format.
- Folder: A container for storing and organizing files.
Impact of the Internet
- Collaboration: Enhanced collaboration across geographic boundaries.
- Communication: Efficient dissemination of information, facilitating communication via email, video calls, and social media.
- Crowdsourcing: Engaging large groups of people to contribute ideas, knowledge, or tasks.
- Anonymity: Enablement of anonymous participation, providing a sense of privacy online.
- Censorship: Potential challenges in managing online censorship and information control.
Communication
- Email: Digital message delivery system.
- Video Calls: Real-time visual and audio communication.
- Social Media: Platforms for online interaction and sharing information.
Citizen Science
- Foldit: An online game where players solve protein folding structures, demonstrating the potential of crowdsourcing in scientific research.
- Folding@home: A distributed computing project that harnesses the computing power of personal computers to simulate protein folding, contributing to research in diseases like Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, cancer, and HIV.
E-commerce
- Online Shopping: Purchasing goods and services directly from retailers or individuals, offering greater convenience and accessibility.
- Crowdfunding: Gathering funds from a large number of individuals for specific projects or initiatives.
Access to Information
- Open Databases: Publicly available collections of scientific publications, promoting access to knowledge for researchers and the general public.
- Wikileaks: A non-profit organization known for publishing leaked classified information, highlighting the potential for transparency but also posing risks related to sensitive data disclosure.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- Protects copyright holders from online theft of copyrighted material.
Future of Computing
- Traditional Computers: Rely on von Neumann architecture, using electrical circuit boards and a deterministic (predictable) model.
-
New Kinds of Computers:
- DNA Computers: Leverage DNA molecules and enzymes for complex computations.
- Quantum Computers: Utilize principles of quantum mechanics for parallel processing and enhanced computational capabilities.
DNA Computers
- First introduced in 1994 by Leonard Adleman.
- Can store vast amounts of data.
- Perform parallel computations, significantly faster than traditional computers.
- Most effective for solving complex mathematical problems, not general-purpose computing.
Quantum Computers
- First proposed in 1981 by Paul Benioff.
- Non-deterministic, meaning their bits can be in multiple states simultaneously.
- Offer truly parallel processing, enabling trillions of operations per second.
- Currently primarily theoretical and under development.
Artificial Intelligence
- A field of computer science focused on simulating intelligent behavior in computers.
Intelligent Human Behavior
- Computers excel in specific tasks like mathematical computation, image classification, and games.
- Human capabilities that remain challenging for computers include:
- Emotions
- Contextual reasoning
- Detecting irony and sarcasm
- Reading body language.
AI Impact:
- Jobs most affected by AI: Labor-intensive roles and those involving data analysis in the financial industry.
- Health industry impact: AI aids doctors in diagnosing and treating patients by processing large datasets and up-to-date medical research.
- Risks of autonomous weapons: Potential misuse for destructive purposes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on privacy and security practices. This quiz covers topics such as strong passwords, two-factor authentication, password managers, and identifying secure websites. Ensure your online presence is protected by answering these key questions.
