Print Comes to Europe
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Print Comes to Europe

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What significant technology did Marco Polo introduce to Italy from China?

  • Printing with movable metal type
  • Papermaking techniques
  • The silk route
  • Woodblock printing (correct)

    • What material was commonly used for luxury editions of books intended for the aristocracy?

  • Cardboard
  • Woodblock
  • Vellum (correct)
  • Papyrus

    • Who primarily employed scribes for the production of handwritten manuscripts?

  • University students
  • Government officials
  • Wealthy individuals and monastic libraries (correct)
  • Book merchants

    • What was the general perception of printed books among the wealthy and educated classes?

    <p>Cheap and vulgar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the demand for books have on European booksellers?

    <p>They began organizing book fairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the silk route in relation to European literature?

    <p>To facilitate cultural exchanges between continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transition occurred in the production of manuscripts due to increased book demand?

    <p>New methods of organizing handwriting emerged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which book is recognized as one of the oldest existing books printed with movable metal type?

    <p>Jikji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did publishers use to reach people who were not literate?

    <p>They created illustrated books of fables and legends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did gatherings in villages and taverns play for printed materials?

    <p>They allowed for the performance of printed ballads and folk tales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant reaction to the circulation of printed ideas?

    <p>Many feared the impact of wider access to ideas on society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the relationship between oral and reading cultures change with the advent of print?

    <p>The two cultures became increasingly intermingled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did print have on the ability to challenge established authorities?

    <p>It enabled wider distribution of alternative viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the concerns people had regarding the printing of ideas?

    <p>It could negatively impact people's ability to think critically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the literacy rate in European countries significant in the context of print culture?

    <p>It indicated that only a small segment of society could engage with printed texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the effects of underground literature before the French Revolution?

    <p>It led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of content did printers initially focus on to reach a broader audience?

    <p>Popular ballads and folk tales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did print culture not directly shape people's minds according to the content?

    <p>Readers were exposed to multiple viewpoints and interpreted them individually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group became a significant category of readers in the late nineteenth century?

    <p>Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did cartoons play in the context before the French Revolution?

    <p>They illustrated the hardships faced by ordinary people and influenced public sentiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of producing school textbooks in the publishing industry during the nineteenth century?

    <p>It marked a shift towards targeting new categories of readers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the availability of print literature affect the acceptance of ideas by individuals?

    <p>Individuals selectively accepted certain ideas while rejecting others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of mass literacy in Europe during the nineteenth century?

    <p>It created a wider audience including women and workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of literature were people exposed to alongside revolutionary ideas?

    <p>Monarchical and Church propaganda.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did many people in the mid-eighteenth century believe about books?

    <p>They could spread progress and enlightenment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Louise-Sebastien Mercier describe the act of reading in his work?

    <p>As a thirst-quenching experience that brings pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did reading have on the heroes in Mercier's novels?

    <p>They were transformed and enlightened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mercier imply about the relationship between the printing press and despotism?

    <p>The printing press is a powerful tool against despotism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion does Mercier express regarding the power of reading?

    <p>Euphoria and exhilaration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mercier mean by 'Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!'?

    <p>Despots will lose their power to enlightened thinkers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metaphor does Mercier use to describe his experience of reading?

    <p>A man dying of thirst drinking water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Mercier describe the physical setting while he reads?

    <p>Dark and quiet with a fading lamp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was characteristic of manuscripts produced for the wealthy?

    <p>They featured elaborate illustrations and designs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in education in pre-colonial Bengal?

    <p>Teachers dictated texts from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language was first printed by Catholic priests in India?

    <p>Konkani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of script was used in the 18th-century manuscript seen in the content?

    <p>Malayalam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common outcome of the education system in pre-colonial Bengal?

    <p>They learned to write without reading texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the printing press first arrive in India?

    <p>Goa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Jesuit priests play in the introduction of printing in India?

    <p>They learned Konkani and printed several tracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated number of books printed in Konkani and Kanara languages by 1674?

    <p>Around 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Paper from China reached Europe in the 11th century via the Silk Route, enabling the production of manuscripts.
    • Marco Polo brought the woodblock printing technology from China to Italy in 1295, which spread throughout Europe.
    • Luxury editions were still handwritten on vellum for aristocratic circles and monastic libraries which rejected printed books as cheap.
    • Merchants and students in university towns bought cheaper printed copies.
    • The demand for books increased, leading to booksellers exporting books and holding book fairs.
    • Manuscript production was organized in new ways to keep up with the growing demand.
    • The Jikji of Korea is one of the oldest books printed with movable metal type.

    Printing and Print Culture

    • Printed material could be enjoyed by those who were illiterate by being read aloud.
    • Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, illustrated with pictures, to reach wider audiences.
    • The line between oral and written culture blurred, integrating hearing and reading audiences.

    Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

    • Print facilitated wide circulation of ideas and sparked new debates and discussions.
    • People with dissenting views could print and circulate their ideas, challenging established authorities.
    • Print could influence people's thinking and lead to action.
    • Some feared the impact of easy access to printed material on people's minds.

    The Power of Print

    • In the 18th century, books were seen as a way to spread progress and enlightenment.
    • Many believed books could liberate society from tyranny and herald an age of reason.
    • French novelist Louise-Sébastien Mercier advocated for the power of print in his novels, portraying heroes transformed through reading.
    • He believed print could destroy the basis of despotism, proclaiming, "Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!"
    • Print culture contributed to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
    • Despite the spread of ideas through print, people were exposed to various perspectives, including those of the monarchy and Church propaganda.
    • Readers interpreted information and took actions based on their own understanding.
    • It's important to note that print did not directly shape people's minds but opened possibilities for different thought processes.

    The Rise of Mass Literacy

    • The 19th century saw substantial growth in mass literacy in Europe, mainly among children, women, and workers.
    • Compulsory education from the late 19th century led to children becoming a significant readership, driving the production of school textbooks.

    Manuscripts in India

    • Manuscripts continued to be produced in India for the rich even after the arrival of the printing press, showcasing beautiful calligraphy and elaborate designs.
    • Although pre-colonial Bengal had a network of village primary schools, students primarily learned to write.
    • They were not exposed to extensive reading of texts, learning through dictation and copying, becoming literate without reading.
    • Portuguese missionaries brought printing press technology to Goa in the mid-16th century.
    • Jesuit priests printed various tracts in Konkani and Kanara languages.
    • The first Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin, followed by the first Malayalam book in 1713 by Catholic priests.
    • Dutch Protestant missionaries printed 32 Tamil texts, including translations of older works.
    • Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced in India well into the 18th century.
    • The Rigveda manuscript from the 18th century is an example of manuscripts continuing to be produced in the Malayalam script.

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