Principles of Programming Languages Exam 2023

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Questions and Answers

What is encapsulation in programming?

  • The definition of syntax rules for programming languages.
  • The bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data. (correct)
  • The process of storing data in arrays.
  • The practice of using multiple threads in a program.

Which statement correctly describes compile time binding?

  • It associates a variable with a specific memory location before the program begins execution. (correct)
  • It allows type checking to occur while the program is running.
  • It delays resolving variable types until the execution reaches the variable in code.
  • It assigns memory at runtime based on the dynamic type of the variable.

Which of the following best defines Logic Programming?

  • A technique focused on concurrent processes and communication.
  • A paradigm that emphasizes functions as the primary building blocks.
  • A method of programming that relies on facts, rules, and logical queries. (correct)
  • An approach that relies heavily on input/output operations.

What is the primary purpose of a monitor in concurrent programming?

<p>To manage resource access and synchronizations among concurrent processes. (A)</p>
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What differentiates context-free grammars from tree grammars?

<p>Tree grammars are a specific instance of context-free grammars designed for parsing. (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Compilation

Compilation is the process of translating source code written in a high-level programming language into machine language that a computer can understand and execute. This process involves multiple stages, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.

BNF Grammar

BNF (Backus-Naur Form) grammar is a formal way to define the syntax of a language using a set of rules. These rules describe how to construct valid strings (like binary numbers with three consecutive 1s).

Encapsulation and Data Hiding

Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming where data and methods are packaged together in a way that prevents external access. Data hiding is a specific aspect of encapsulation, where data members are made inaccessible outside of the class, promoting controlled access and protecting data integrity.

Logic Programming

Logic Programming is a programming paradigm that focuses on defining relationships and rules (facts) about a problem domain. It then uses these rules to answer queries by deducing the answer from the rules and facts.

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Semaphore

A semaphore is a synchronization mechanism used in operating systems and concurrent programming to coordinate access to shared resources. It's like a traffic light for threads, allowing only a limited number of them to proceed at a time.

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Study Notes

MCADD-502 Examination Notes

  • Examination: Principles of Programming Language, November 2023
  • Time: Three Hours
  • Maximum Marks: 70
  • Instructions: Attempt five questions. All questions carry equal marks.

Question 1

  • a) Evolution of Programming Languages: Discuss the key factors influencing the development of programming languages.
  • b) Compilation: Define compilation, and briefly discuss the stages involved in the process.

Question 2

  • a) BNF Grammar (Binary Numbers): Write a Backus-Naur Form grammar defining binary numbers containing at least three consecutive 1s.
  • b) Binding Times: Differentiate between compile-time and run-time binding.

Question 3

  • a) Conditional Statements: Define conditional statements and provide an example.
  • b) Subprogram Design Issues: Discuss the design considerations related to subprograms and operations.

Question 4

  • a) Encapsulation and Data Hiding: Define encapsulation and data hiding, and illustrate with an example.
  • b) Logic Programming: Explain logic programming, including relations, rules, facts, and queries.

Question 5

  • a) Functional Programming: Explain functional programming with a suitable example.
  • b) Concurrency: Define concurrency and discuss different types.

Question 6

  • a) Monitors: Define monitors and compare them with semaphores, highlighting advantages and disadvantages.
  • b) Generic Subprograms: Write notes on generic subprograms.

Question 7

  • a) Grammars (Context-Free and Tree): Compare and contrast context-free grammars and tree grammars.
  • b) Arrays and Records: Discuss conventional arrays, variant records, and highlight their differences.

Question 8

  • i) Semaphore: Write short notes on semaphores.
  • ii) 4GL: Write short notes on 4GL (Fourth-Generation Languages).
  • iii) Garbage Collection: Write short notes on garbage collection.
  • iv) Scope and Lifetime of Variables: Write short notes on variable scope and lifetime.

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