Principles of Programming Languages: Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What are the six main reasons for studying concepts of programming languages?

  1. Increased capacity to express programming concepts
  2. Improved background for choosing appropriate languages
  3. Increased ability to learn new languages
  4. Understanding the significance of implementation
  5. Increased ability to design new languages
  6. Overall advancement of computing

What are the six main programming domains?

  1. Scientific applications
  2. Business applications
  3. Artificial intelligence
  4. Systems programming
  5. Scripting languages
  6. Special purpose languages

What are the five main language evaluation criteria?

  1. Readability: the ease with which programs can be read and understood
  2. Writability: the ease with which a language can be used to create programs
  3. Reliability: conformance to specifications (i.e., performs to its specifications). Type checking and Exception handling
  4. Cost: the ultimate total cost
  5. Others: portability, generality, well-definedness

What are the two key factors that influence language design?

<p>The text does not explicitly list factors that influence language design. The closest it comes is mentioning &quot;Influences on Language Design&quot; as a section heading, but it does not provide details on what those influences are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six main categories of programming languages?

<p>The text does not explicitly list the main categories of programming languages. The closest it comes is mentioning &quot;Language Categories&quot; as a section heading, but it does not provide details on what those categories are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main implementation methods for programming languages?

<p>The text does not explicitly list the main implementation methods for programming languages. The closest it comes is mentioning &quot;Implementation Methods&quot; as a section heading, but it does not provide details on what those methods are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main means of making computations in functional languages?

<p>Applying functions to given parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

In imperative languages, what are the central features?

<p>Variables, assignment statements, and iteration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a logic programming language.

<p>Prolog</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of programmers in the late 1960s regarding programming languages?

<p>Programmers efficiency became important; readability, better control structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a hybrid language category that combines markup and programming.

<p>JSTL, XSLT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What architectural concept processes imperative languages through fetch-executecycle?

<p>von Neumann machine architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tradeoff between writability and reliability in programming languages?

<p>The tradeoff is that languages that provide more powerful and flexible operators, like APL, can be more writable (compact) but less reliable, while languages with more basic constructs, like C++ pointers, can be more reliable but less writable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main phases of the compilation process?

<p>The main phases of the compilation process are: 1) Lexical analysis, 2) Syntax analysis, 3) Intermediate code generation, 4) Semantic analysis, and 5) Code generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between compilation and pure interpretation as implementation methods?

<p>Compilation translates the high-level program to machine code, which is slow to translate but fast to execute, while pure interpretation uses an interpreter program, which is easy to implement but slow to execute and requires more space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the syntax analyzer phase in the compilation process?

<p>The syntax analyzer transforms the lexical units (from the lexical analyzer) into parse trees, which represent the syntactic structure of the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the semantics analyzer phase in the compilation process?

<p>The semantics analyzer checks for errors, such as type errors, in the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the intermediate code generator phase in the compilation process?

<p>The intermediate code generator produces a program in a different language, as an intermediate step between the source program and the final machine code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of pure interpretation as an implementation method?

<p>Pure interpretation uses an interpreter program, is easy to implement, but has slow execution and requires more space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hybrid implementation systems work?

<p>Hybrid implementation systems translate the high-level program to an intermediate code, and then interpret the intermediate code to machine code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of compilation as an implementation method?

<p>Compilation translates the high-level program directly to machine code, which results in slow translation but fast execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a preprocessor in programming environments?

<p>A preprocessor, such as the #include directive in C, allows including another file within the code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a programming environment?

<p>A programming environment is the collection of tools used in the software development process, such as the UNIX operating system and tools, or Microsoft Visual Studio.NET.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of major programming languages?

<p>Some examples of major programming languages are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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