Principles of Nutrition Year 2 Unit I

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes saturated fats?

Contain at least one double bond

Contain no double bonds (correct)

Are chemically similar to trans fats

Lower HDL-C levels

Which type of fat is known to increase LDL-C without affecting HDL-C levels?

Monounsaturated fats

Polyunsaturated fats

Saturated fats

Trans fats (correct)

What is a source of monounsaturated fats (MUFA)?

Processed meats

Butter

Coconut oil

Fish (correct)

Which type of dietary carbohydrate increases bowel motility?

Dietary fiber Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes positive nitrogen balance?

Consumption of nitrogen exceeds excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which monosaccharide is primarily found in fruits and honey?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

Animal proteins are characterized by:

Contains all essential amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary fat classification can potentially reduce both total cholesterol and LDL-C levels?

Monounsaturated fats Signup and view all the answers

What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) represent?

The maximum average daily intake that poses no risk of adverse health effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for a sedentary adult?

30 kcal/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient has the highest energy content per gram?

Fat Signup and view all the answers

What contributes the most to variations in energy requirements?

Physical Activity Signup and view all the answers

Which process does NOT require energy expenditure from the body?

Resting metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dietary lipids does Triacylglycerol (TAG) constitute?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermic effect of food also known as?

Diet-induced thermogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function that requires energy from metabolism?

Napping Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of nutrients?

Macronutrients and Micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient category includes vitamins and minerals?

Micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

What does the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) aim to meet?

The needs of half of healthy individuals in a particular stage Signup and view all the answers

When is Adequate Intake (AI) used?

When there is insufficient evidence to establish EAR or RDA Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals does the RDA estimate to meet their nutrient needs?

97-98% Signup and view all the answers

Which micronutrient is NOT included in the list provided?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is calculated using which formula?

RDA = EAR + 2SDEAR Signup and view all the answers

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients that must be consumed through diet as they cannot be synthesized or produced adequately Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Overview

Nutrients are essential food components needed for normal body functions.
Two main categories of nutrients:
- Macronutrients: Fats, proteins, carbohydrates
- Micronutrients: Minerals and vitamins

Functions of Nutrients

Provide energy for bodily functions.
Supply essential molecules that:
- Cannot be synthesized by the body or
- Are insufficiently synthesized for growth and maintenance.

Essential Nutrients

Proteins/Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins: Include both water-soluble and fat-soluble types.
Minerals: Important minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and iron.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

DRI serves as guidelines for nutrient intake to prevent deficiencies and ensure optimal health.
DRI values vary by age and gender.
Key components of DRI:
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

DRI Definitions

EAR: Average daily intake level for 50% of healthy individuals within a specific stage and gender.
RDA: Nutrient amount needed for 97-98% of individuals, calculated using EAR + 2 standard deviations (2SD).
AI: Used as a guideline when RDA is not available, based on healthy individuals' nutrient intake.
UL: Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects for most individuals.

Energy Requirements

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is the average intake required for energy balance in healthy adults.
Recommended energy intake varies by activity level:
- Sedentary adults: 30 kcal/kg/day
- Moderately active adults: 35 kcal/kg/day
- Active adults: 40 kcal/kg/day

Energy Content of Foods

Energy content measured by calories (kcal), reflecting the total combustion of food.
Energy values:
- Fats: >2x energy content of proteins or carbohydrates
- Ethanol: Intermediate energy content between fat and carbohydrates.

Energy Use in the Body

Energy from macronutrients supports three primary processes:
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Energy for basic functions like respiration and circulation.
- Physical Activity: Varies significantly based on exercise intensity and duration.
- Thermic Effect of Food: Increased energy expenditure (up to 30%) during digestion and absorption.

Dietary Fats

Triacylglycerols (TAG) make up about 90% of dietary lipids.
Types of fats:
- Saturated fats: No double bonds; raise LDL cholesterol and heart disease risk (found in meats and dairy).
- Monounsaturated fats (MUFA): One double bond; lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (found in fish and vegetable oils).
- Polyunsaturated fats (PUFA): More than one double bond; effects vary based on fatty acid type (omega-3 and omega-6).
- Trans fats: Behave like saturated fats, increase LDL cholesterol, raise cardiovascular disease risk.

Dietary Carbohydrates

Types of carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- Disaccharides: Common types include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
- Polysaccharides: Complex sugars such as starch from plants.
- Dietary fiber: Non-digestible carbohydrates that enhance bowel health and reduce cancer risk.

Dietary Proteins

Provide essential amino acids necessary for protein synthesis.
Sources of proteins:
- Animal proteins: Complete amino acid profiles.
- Plant proteins: Generally lower biological value, may lack some essential amino acids.
Nitrogen Balance: Reflects the balance between nitrogen consumed and excreted.
- Positive nitrogen balance occurs when intake exceeds excretion, often seen in growth phases (children, pregnancy) and during recovery from illness.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the essential nutrients required for maintaining normal body functions. It covers macronutrients like fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Test your understanding of how these nutrients contribute to energy and bodily health.