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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main reasons for the need for principles of management?
What is one of the main reasons for the need for principles of management?
Which of the following describes the universality of management principles?
Which of the following describes the universality of management principles?
All principles of management are equally important.
All principles of management are equally important.
True
Principles of management are rigid and cannot be adjusted to different situations.
Principles of management are rigid and cannot be adjusted to different situations.
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Who is known as the 'father of scientific management'?
Who is known as the 'father of scientific management'?
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What method involves managers observing events in practice to gain experience?
What method involves managers observing events in practice to gain experience?
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Effective use of resources in management helps to improve the quality of life and attain ______ goals.
Effective use of resources in management helps to improve the quality of life and attain ______ goals.
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Management principles are derived through observation and ___________ methods.
Management principles are derived through observation and ___________ methods.
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Match the following aspects of management with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of management with their descriptions:
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Match the following characteristics of management principles with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of management principles with their descriptions:
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Which principle emphasizes the use of scientific study rather than trial and error?
Which principle emphasizes the use of scientific study rather than trial and error?
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What does the principle of management help clarify for managers?
What does the principle of management help clarify for managers?
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What is a key characteristic that distinguishes management principles from laws in physical sciences?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes management principles from laws in physical sciences?
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Management principles can predict managerial actions accurately in all situations.
Management principles can predict managerial actions accurately in all situations.
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F.W. Taylor's principles advocate for trial and error approaches to management.
F.W. Taylor's principles advocate for trial and error approaches to management.
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What fundamental relationship do principles of management establish?
What fundamental relationship do principles of management establish?
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What is the main focus of Fayol's classification of business activities?
What is the main focus of Fayol's classification of business activities?
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Henri Fayol developed his principles of management based on theoretical rather than practical experience.
Henri Fayol developed his principles of management based on theoretical rather than practical experience.
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Name two key elements of management according to Fayol.
Name two key elements of management according to Fayol.
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Fayol suggested that _______ should accompany responsibility to ensure effective management.
Fayol suggested that _______ should accompany responsibility to ensure effective management.
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Match the following principles of management with their descriptions:
Match the following principles of management with their descriptions:
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Which of the following qualities is NOT included in Fayol's managerial qualities?
Which of the following qualities is NOT included in Fayol's managerial qualities?
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What is one of the main objectives of scientific management?
What is one of the main objectives of scientific management?
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Discipline, according to Fayol, necessitates the breaking of established rules.
Discipline, according to Fayol, necessitates the breaking of established rules.
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What does Fayol mean by 'Division of work'?
What does Fayol mean by 'Division of work'?
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According to Taylor, a healthy cooperation between employer and employee is important for productivity.
According to Taylor, a healthy cooperation between employer and employee is important for productivity.
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What does Taylor suggest regarding the division of work and responsibility?
What does Taylor suggest regarding the division of work and responsibility?
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Taylor's idea of ___ emphasizes a change in attitudes among employers and employees.
Taylor's idea of ___ emphasizes a change in attitudes among employers and employees.
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Match the following objections to scientific management with their descriptions:
Match the following objections to scientific management with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of scientific management for the organization?
Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of scientific management for the organization?
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Workers' objections to scientific management include concerns about improved working conditions.
Workers' objections to scientific management include concerns about improved working conditions.
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The scientific selection and training of workers aims to develop their full ___ .
The scientific selection and training of workers aims to develop their full ___ .
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What is the principle of unity of command primarily concerned with?
What is the principle of unity of command primarily concerned with?
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The principle of subordination of individual interest to general interest means that personal goals should take precedence over organizational goals.
The principle of subordination of individual interest to general interest means that personal goals should take precedence over organizational goals.
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What should be the primary focus when considering remuneration in an organization?
What should be the primary focus when considering remuneration in an organization?
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According to Fayol, a balance between centralisation and _______ is crucial for organizational effectiveness.
According to Fayol, a balance between centralisation and _______ is crucial for organizational effectiveness.
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Match the following principles to their definitions:
Match the following principles to their definitions:
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What consequence does violating the principle of unity of command have?
What consequence does violating the principle of unity of command have?
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Centralisation in an organization always reduces the role of subordinates.
Centralisation in an organization always reduces the role of subordinates.
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Good supervision, clear rules, and a system of ______ are essential for maintaining discipline in an organization.
Good supervision, clear rules, and a system of ______ are essential for maintaining discipline in an organization.
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What does the scalar chain describe?
What does the scalar chain describe?
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A gang plank is used to avoid delays in communication within the scalar chain.
A gang plank is used to avoid delays in communication within the scalar chain.
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What does 'stability of tenure' imply?
What does 'stability of tenure' imply?
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Management should treat employees with __________ and kindness.
Management should treat employees with __________ and kindness.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best represents the essence of 'esprit de corps'?
Which of the following best represents the essence of 'esprit de corps'?
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Nepotism and favoritism are encouraged in an organization for better morale.
Nepotism and favoritism are encouraged in an organization for better morale.
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Why is initiative important in an organization?
Why is initiative important in an organization?
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Study Notes
Principles of Management
- A principle is a fundamental statement of truth that guides thought and action, establishing cause-and-effect relationships between variables. For example, the law of demand states that lower prices lead to increased demand.
Meaning of Management Principles
- Management principles are fundamental truths that identify cause-and-effect relationships between management actions and outcomes. They provide tools for making decisions and actions.
Methods for Developing Principles
- Principles of management evolve from past experiences and studies. Two common methods are:
- Observation method involves observing events in practice and analyzing observations to develop guidelines.
- Experiment method includes researchers conducting empirical studies to develop principles and test their validity.
Characteristics of Management Principles
- Universality: Applicable to different types of organizations; the core management tasks remain constant.
- Dynamism/Flexibility: Not rigid, they adapt to changing situations and modifications may be necessary.
- Influencing Human Behavior: Management involves human behavior, which is complex.
Nature of Management Principles
- Contingency: Principles are relative, not absolute; they are situational dependent.
- Cause-and-Effect Relationship: Principles link causes and effects between management variables.
- Equal Importance: All principles hold equal value in management practice.
Need for Management Principles
- Increased Efficiency: Provides guidelines to managers for better outcomes.
- Understanding Management: Clarifies and analyses the nature of management through knowledge and understanding of the principles.
- Manager Training: Provides a framework for a structured approach to managerial training.
- Improving Research: Provides a basis for further management research.
- Social Goals: Encourages cooperation among individuals and improve the quality of life.
Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management
- Scientific Approach, introduces scientific methods to solving management problems with the aim of efficiency.
- Science over Rule of Thumb: Every aspect of a job should be based on analysis and planned, not trial and error.
- Harmony, not Discord: Cooperation between workers and management is essential to improve productivity.
- Maximum Output: Resolving conflicts about work output increase overall productivity.
- Division of Work: Separating planning from execution.
Taylor's Principles (Cont.)
- Scientific Selection, Training, and Development: Matching worker skills to job requirements
- Standardization: Standardizing tools, equipment, work methods and working conditions
- Mental Revolution: Establishing mutual trust and cooperation between management and workers
- Objectives of Scientific Management: Increasing productivity, minimising costs and improving quality.
Workers' Objections to Scientific Management
- Treating workers like machines: Emphasizing high performance standards.
- Differences in piece-rates: Potential for exploitation and unequal treatment.
Advantages of Scientific Management (for Organization and Employees)
- Increased Productivity: Higher output.
- Reduced Costs: More efficient operations..
- Improved Utilization of Resources: Effective resource management to achieve greater efficiency.
- Improved Quality of Work: Result of improved processes and procedures.
- Better working conditions: Improved working conditions.
- Higher Earnings: Due to increased efficiency and improved pay.
- Better Skills: Skill enhancement through training.
Fayol's Principles of Management
- Division of Work: Specialization of tasks to improve efficiency.
- Authority and Responsibility: Right to command and obligation to be accountable.
- Discipline: Obedience and respect towards authority.
- Unity of Command: Receiving orders from one superior.
- Unity of Direction: A single plan for a group of activities with the same objective.
- Subordination of Individual Interests to General Interest: Prioritising organizational goals above individual ones.
- Remuneration: Fair and reasonable compensation for work performed.
- Centralization/Decentralization: Balancing power distribution between higher and lower levels appropriately.
- Scalar Chain: Clear lines of authority and communication within an organization.
- Order: Both material (proper place for everything) and social (right person in the right place).
- Equity: Treat all employees fairly.
- Stability of Tenure: Maintaining consistent employment to improve productivity and loyalty.
- Initiative: Encouraging employees to take initiative.
- Esprit de Corps: Fostering harmony and team spirit within the workplace.
Comparison of Taylor and Fayol
- Both focused on increasing efficiency and used scientific approaches, but Taylor focused on the shop floor, while Fayol focused on the top level of management.
- Taylor's approach was more task-oriented, whereas Fayol's approach was more about general management principles.
- General theory of management is one of Fayol's key contributions
Universality of Management Principles
- Management principles are applicable across different organizations and countries.
- These principles are based on efficient use of resources, and maintaining a balance between human and physical resources. They require careful coordination for efficiency.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental truths and characteristics of management principles. This quiz covers the development methods, universal applicability, and cause-and-effect relationships crucial in management. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these key concepts.
