Principles of Distributed Computing and Web 2.0

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Questions and Answers

What is grid computing primarily used for?

Building static HTML web (correct)

Managing social media platforms

Creating virtual machines

Analyzing huge sets of data (correct)

Which term describes the second generation of the World Wide Web?

Web 1.0

Web 3.0

Web 2.0 (correct)

Cloud Computing

What does virtualization technology primarily allow?

To create more physical machines

To enhance hardware performance

To allocate hardware resources among multiple users (correct)

To eliminate hardware dependencies

Which of the following is NOT an example of a Web 2.0 application?

Adobe Acrobat Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental change does Web 2.0 represent?

A shift to collaborative online content creation Signup and view all the answers

The capacity of which physical aspect is primarily utilized by virtualization?

Physical machine’s full capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of grid computing?

Utilizes multiple networked computers as one system Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the significance of Web 2.0 tools?

They allow nearly anyone to contribute content online Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of parallel processing?

Processing multiple tasks simultaneously on multiple processors Signup and view all the answers

Which hardware architecture processes instructions sequentially using a uniprocessor?

Single-Instruction, Single-Data (SISD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase in the three-phase process of computing eras?

Research And Development (R&D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes SIMD systems?

They allow multiple data streams but only a single instruction stream. Signup and view all the answers

Which application areas commonly benefit from parallel processing?

Computational tasks in life sciences and aerospace Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes distributed computing from parallel computing?

Distributed computing processes multiple tasks simultaneously across separate machines. Signup and view all the answers

Which category includes systems that can handle multiple instruction and data streams simultaneously?

Multiple-instruction, Multiple-Data (MIMD) Signup and view all the answers

The programming technique that utilizes divide-and-conquer is known as?

Parallel programming Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of subsystems described in data flow architectures?

High latency and low throughput Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a filter in a pipe and filter architecture?

Transforms data and processes it for output Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filter allows pipes to pull data in and push out transformed data?

Active filter Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of the pipe and filter architecture?

Ensures high throughput for excessive data processing Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the pull and push mechanism in an active filter?

Passive pipes providing read/write mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the pipe and filter architecture?

Not suitable for dynamic interactions Signup and view all the answers

What does a passive filter allow connected pipes to do?

Push data in and pull transformed data out Signup and view all the answers

What is typically required for the transmission of data in the pipe and filter architecture?

A low common denominator in ASCII formats Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Top-Down Style in software architectural design?

It employs a divide-and-conquer approach. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Object-Oriented Style is true?

It encapsulates data and operations within classes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the Object-Oriented Style?

Every object must know the identity of the objects it interacts with. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Call and Return Architectures, what primarily controls computation?

The availability of data. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between classes and objects in Object-Oriented Style?

Classes are abstract, while objects are concrete implementations. Signup and view all the answers

What type of program structure is characteristic of the Top-Down Style?

A main program that utilizes multiple subprogram invocations. Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect must be ensured when designing shared objects in Object-Oriented Style?

Their internal state must be consistently maintained. Signup and view all the answers

How do components interact in a Top-Down Style architectural system?

Components interact through method calls and return values. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of careful design in shared objects?

To ensure consistent state across components Signup and view all the answers

In a layered architectural style, how many layers can a specific layer interact with at most?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes architectural styles based on independent components?

Components interact through specific methods of coordination. Signup and view all the answers

What role do IPC facilities play in the Communicating Processes architectural style?

They facilitate coordination among processes. Signup and view all the answers

In an Event Systems architecture, how are components typically connected?

Via loosely coupled interactions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'significant change in state' refer to in Event Systems?

An important event that alters system behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major category in architectural styles based on independent components?

Communicating Processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the interaction of layers in a layered system?

Each layer can only interact with specific layers defined by protocols. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Developments in Computing

Distributed Systems: A category encompassing clusters and grids.
Grid Computing: Networks of computers acting as a virtual supercomputer for large tasks (e.g., data analysis, weather modeling).
Virtualization: Technology enabling creation of IT services from resources traditionally hardware-bound; allows full capacity utilization through resource distribution among users/environments.

Web 2.0

The second generation of the World Wide Web, characterized by interactive and dynamic web experiences.
Emphasized online collaboration and information sharing through social media, blogs, and web-based communities.
Enabled broader participation in content creation, regardless of technical expertise.
Examples include Google Documents, Maps, Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Blogger, and Wikipedia. A shift in both website development and user interaction.

Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing

Eras of Computing: Three-phase process for every aspect: Research & Development (R&D), Commercialization, and Commoditization.
Parallel Processing: Simultaneous processing of multiple tasks on multiple processors; uses divide-and-conquer techniques in parallel programming. Applicable in computationally intensive fields (life sciences, aerospace, GIS, etc.).
Hardware Architectures for Parallel Processing: Classified into four categories based on instruction and data streams: SISD (Single-Instruction, Single-Data), SIMD (Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data), MISD (Multiple-Instruction, Single-Data), and MIMD (Multiple-Instruction, Multiple-Data).

SISD (Single-Instruction, Single-Data) Systems

Uniprocessor systems processing instructions sequentially based on the von Neumann architecture.
Examples include IBM PCs, Macintoshes, and workstations. Each subsystem operates independently.
Disadvantages: High latency, low throughput, lacks concurrency and interactive interface, requires external control.

Software Architectural Styles

Data Flow Architectures: Focus on incremental data transformation by successive components.
- Pipe and Filter: System comprising data sources, filters, pipes, and data sinks; concurrent and incremental execution.
  - Filters: Independent data stream transformers; types include active (connected pipes pull/push data) and passive filters (connected pipes push/pull data).
  - Advantages: Concurrency, high throughput, reusability, simplified maintenance, flexibility (sequential/parallel execution); suitable for virtual machines.
  - Disadvantages: Unsuitable for dynamic interactions, requires a low common denominator for data transmission, overhead of data transformation, difficult dynamic configuration.
Call and Return Architectures: Computation controlled by data availability.
- Top-Down Style: Divide-and-conquer approach; large main program invoking subprograms.
- Object-Oriented Style: Based on classes and objects; classes define component types (data and operations). Advantages include coupling data and operations, internal state protection, improved decomposition and manageability; however, each object requires knowledge of others' identities, and shared objects require careful design for state consistency.
- Layered Style: System built in layers of different abstraction levels; adjacent layers interact through defined protocols and interfaces.
Architectural Styles based on Independent Components: Systems composed of independent components with their own life cycles.
- Communicating Processes: Independent processes using inter-process communication (IPC) facilities for coordination.
- Event Systems: Loosely coupled components interacting via event publishing and registration.

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Description

Explore the historical developments in computing focused on distributed systems, grid computing, and virtualization. Delve into the transformative era of Web 2.0, where user interaction and online collaboration reshaped our digital experiences. This quiz covers essential concepts and technologies that paved the way for current computing practices.