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Questions and Answers
Which concept states that any behavior followed by a positive or the removal of a painful stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior being emitted?
Which concept states that any behavior followed by a positive or the removal of a painful stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior being emitted?
- Punishment law
- Skill performance theory
- Acquisition principle
- Reinforcement law (correct)
What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
- Punishment involves introducing a stimulus, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus. (correct)
- Negative reinforcement involves introducing a stimulus, while punishment involves removing a stimulus.
- Negative reinforcement is always pleasant, while punishment is always unpleasant.
- Punishment only applies to positive behaviors, while negative reinforcement applies to negative behaviors.
Which type of reinforcement involves the introduction of pleasant stimuli to increase the chances of desirable behaviors?
Which type of reinforcement involves the introduction of pleasant stimuli to increase the chances of desirable behaviors?
- Secondary reinforcement
- Partial reinforcement
- Primary reinforcement
- Positive reinforcement (correct)
What does social reinforcement involve?
What does social reinforcement involve?
What is a characteristic of a natural or unconditioned stimulus?
What is a characteristic of a natural or unconditioned stimulus?
Which type of reinforcement is characterized by only occasionally rewarding the desired behavior?
Which type of reinforcement is characterized by only occasionally rewarding the desired behavior?
What is a conditioned stimulus that was formerly neutral but now serves as a positive reinforcer due to its association with a natural reinforcer?
What is a conditioned stimulus that was formerly neutral but now serves as a positive reinforcer due to its association with a natural reinforcer?
In which schedule of reinforcement are reinforcers administered after a period of time has elapsed between each administration?
In which schedule of reinforcement are reinforcers administered after a period of time has elapsed between each administration?
What is characteristic of the fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
What is characteristic of the fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Which schedule of reinforcement requires the ratio of reinforced to unreinforced responses to remain unchanging?
Which schedule of reinforcement requires the ratio of reinforced to unreinforced responses to remain unchanging?
In a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement, when is a reinforcer administered?
In a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement, when is a reinforcer administered?
What defines the variable-interval schedule of reinforcement?
What defines the variable-interval schedule of reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement
- Reinforcement refers to any factor that, when presented immediately after a response, increases the probability of the response's occurrence.
- Reinforcement is a central concept in human skill acquisition and performance.
Types of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement: introduction of a pleasant, attractive stimulus that increases the probability of an approachable behavior (e.g., food, praise, smile).
- Negative Reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant, unwanted stimulus that increases the probability of a behavior (e.g., removal of a painful stimulus).
- Primary Reinforcement: natural or unconditioned stimuli that evoke a response prior to conditioning (e.g., food, water).
- Secondary Reinforcement: conditioned stimuli that become reinforcement through association with primary reinforcers (e.g., praise, tokens).
- Social Reinforcement: reinforcement that occurs through social interactions, leading to the continuation of a desired behavior (e.g., smile, praise, attention).
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Fixed-Interval Schedule: reinforcers are administered after a fixed period of time (e.g., every 10 minutes).
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule: reinforcers are administered after a fixed number of responses (e.g., every 5 responses).
- Variable-Interval Schedule: reinforcers are administered after a varying time interval (e.g., saying "well done" after 5, 10, or 15 minutes).
- Variable-Ratio Schedule: reinforcers are administered after a varying number of responses (e.g., every 2, 3, or 4 responses).
- Interval Schedule: reinforcers are administered after a fixed or varying time interval or after a fixed or varying number of responses.
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