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Primary Versus Secondary Brain Injury

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between brain swelling and brain edema in the context of acute head injury?

Brain swelling occurs early due to an increase in cerebral blood volume, while brain edema occurs later due to an increase in brain water volume. (correct)

Brain swelling is caused by axonal injury, while brain edema is due to vasospasms after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Brain swelling is identified in CT as collapse of ventricular system, while brain edema is related to inflammation and regeneration.

Brain swelling is characterized by vasogenic edema, while brain edema is characterized by cytogenic edema.

Which type of brain edema is related to cerebral contusion and is a result of an outpouring of protein-rich fluid through damaged vessels?

Vasogenic edema (correct)

Axonal edema

Intracellular edema

Cytogenic edema

What is the characteristic presentation of an epidural hematoma (EDH) clinically?

Showing a diffuse hemorrhagic mass on head CT

Exhibiting a lucid interval prior to rapid deterioration (correct)

Presenting with subacute symptoms

Manifesting with generalized loss of brain parenchyma

How are subdural hematomas (SDH) primarily formed in severe head trauma?

From shearing of the bridging veins between the pia-arachnoid and the dura Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on head CT scans?

High-density extracerebral masses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of primary injury?

Excitotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

Acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces that cause shearing upon impact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about primary injury is FALSE?

It is amenable to medical intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of secondary injury?

Ischemia, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between primary and secondary injury?

Primary injury initiates a cascade of events that leads to secondary injury, which can further exacerbate the primary injury Signup and view all the answers