Primary Tuberculosis Overview

The first time TB is detected in an individual.

The typical site of inflammation in primary TB is in the lymph nodes surrounding the lungs.

The combination of the initial focus of TB infection in the lungs and the involvement of nearby lymph nodes.

In children and teenagers, a somewhat unusual reaction that occurs with TB infection, presenting with enlarged lymph nodes in several parts of the body.

The most common location for TB infection to spread to in peripheral lymph nodes is the neck.

The spread of TB bacteria from the outside world into someone who is already infected.

The reactivation of a dormant TB infection within the body.

The spread of TB throughout the body using the bloodstream.

The initial encounter of a previously uninfected individual with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This stage involves the bacteria entering the lungs, multiplying within alveolar macrophages, and triggering an immune response.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria proliferate within the host's lung tissue. This leads to the formation of the primary tuberculosis complex, including the Ghon focus and regional lymph node involvement.

The body mounts an immune response to the MTB infection. This immune response leads to a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result, indicating exposure to the bacteria.

The TB bacteria become dormant and remain in a latent state within the host. This stage is characterized by no active disease and minimal symptoms. However, the potential for reactivation remains.

The dormant bacteria reactivate and cause active tuberculosis disease. This stage involves symptoms like coughing, fever, and weight loss.

A type of immune response characterized by a delayed reaction. It involves T cells recognizing and destroying infected cells. This is the primary mechanism behind the immune response to TB.

This refers to the percentage of individuals in a population who have a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result. It indicates the proportion of people who have been exposed to MTB.

It is a measure of the likelihood of individuals with a latent TB infection developing active tuberculosis disease.

Tuberculin is a preparation derived from the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is mainly used to detect past or present Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Tuberculin is a hapten, meaning it's an incomplete antigen that doesn't trigger an immune response on its own. It needs to bind to a carrier molecule to become immunogenic.

Tuberculin is also an allergen. It can cause a localized allergic reaction in individuals who have been previously exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This reaction is usually observed in the skin after injection of tuberculin.

The tuberculin skin test (TST) is a common diagnostic tool for detecting latent tuberculosis infection. It involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin into the skin and observing the reaction 48-72 hours later.

The basis for the skin response to tuberculin injection is a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). This response is mediated by T-lymphocytes specifically recognizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.

The TST is primarily used for identifying individuals who have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The test doesn't indicate active disease, but rather exposure to the bacteria.

In Russia, the TST is routinely performed every 6 months to detect latent TB infection.

The standard dose of tuberculin for TST is measured in tuberculin units (TU). A 0.1 ml injection of PPD-S contains 5 TU, while a 0.1 ml injection of PPD-L contains 2 TU.

A type of tuberculosis (TB) where the bacteria have become resistant to two or more anti-tuberculosis drugs, excluding Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

A type of tuberculosis (TB) where the bacteria have developed resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin, the two most important TB drugs.

The occurrence of new tuberculosis (TB) cases with MDR-TB in Russia is significant at a rate of 15-20%.

Acquired resistance occurs when a patient develops resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs during the treatment course.

A method to detect genetic mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) responsible for drug resistance.

The development of drug resistance in MTB commonly occurs after 4-6 months of treatment with inappropriate or insufficiently chosen anti-tuberculosis medications.

The preferred location for secondary TB infections, also known as pulmonary TB.

The typical location for primary tuberculosis (TB) infections.

A type of TB with a slow onset and is often seen in people who have had a latent infection.

A form of TB that progresses slowly over time, often showing characteristics like the formation of cavities in the lungs.

A type of TB characterized by the appearance of a cloud-like shadow on a chest X-ray, often seen in the lower lobes of the lungs.

This type of TB is associated with inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue, giving a pneumonia-like appearance on chest X-ray.

A specific type of TB where the predominant inflammation in the lungs is characterized by an exudative pattern.

This form of TB is characterized by a predominance of productive-proliferative inflammation, leading to the formation of granulomas and caseous necrosis in the lung tissue.

This type of TB can be a result of ineffective chemotherapy and is characterized by a predominance of caseous necrosis in the lung tissue.

This is a severe symptom of TB, where the body starts to waste away due to severe weight loss, loss of appetite, and weakness.

This type of TB produces large amounts of sputum. When someone coughs, they produce more than 100ml of phlegm.

This is a symptom where it's difficult to breathe. Shortness of breath is more commonly seen in disseminated TB.

This is a serious TB infection, where a large part of the lung is filled with cheese-like, decaying matter.

This is a lung condition where the lung collapses. The collapsed lung can be caused by many things, but one is pressure from the chest cavity caused by TB.

A very serious form of TB where the bacteria spread throughout the body through the bloodstream.

This is a specific type of TB where the bacteria spread in the body through the bloodstream, but only through the veins. This is very serious as it can affect many organs.