COPY: Primary Health Care (PHC) Challenges and Limitations

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What is the definition of health as stated in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing (correct)

The absence of disease or infirmity

A most important world-wide social goal

A fundamental human right

What is the primary goal of the health sector as stated in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

To provide access to basic health services

To promote community-based preventive services

To attain the highest possible level of health (correct)

To reduce the gap in healthcare access

What is the model of healthcare services adopted by the Alma-Ata Declaration?

Universal health care

Community-based health care

Primary health care (correct)

Curative health care

What is the current state of access to basic health services in resource-poor settings?

Many people still do not have equitable access to basic services Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978?

It affirmed access to basic health services as a fundamental human right Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary health care as stated in the text?

It involves substantial community involvement Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the failure of Primary Healthcare (PHC)?

Refusal of experts and politicians to accept community-led healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What was the replacement for Primary Healthcare (PHC) in the healthcare sector?

Health Sector Reform Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of developing countries in the 1960s and 1970s?

To provide high-standard healthcare, education, and other services Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary beneficiary of the healthcare budget in developing countries?

Tertiary services, including teaching hospitals and medical schools Signup and view all the answers

What was the main challenge to accessing healthcare services in rural areas?

Access problems due to rural location Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of healthcare services in rural areas?

Wide variety of services with varying standard and quality Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the new approach to healthcare?

Community-based delivery of services with a balance of cost-effective preventive and curative programs Signup and view all the answers

Who was involved in the intersectoral approach to healthcare?

Agriculture extension officers, schoolteachers, women's groups, youth groups, and ministers of religion Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Village Health Workers in the healthcare system?

They were to be trained and used as a formal part of the healthcare system where Western-trained doctors and nurses were not available Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Alma-Ata Declaration?

To attain an acceptable level of health for all people of the world by the year 2000 Signup and view all the answers

What was seen as a potential source of funding for the healthcare initiative?

A genuine policy of independence, peace, détente and disarmament Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Alma-Ata Declaration for national governments?

They adopted PHC as their official blueprint for total population coverage with essential PHC services Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons why ordinary people bypassed PHC to attend secondary and tertiary centers?

Lack of essential medicines at the PHC level Signup and view all the answers

What affected the ability of PHC to maintain comprehensive services in many sub-Saharan countries?

Civil war and natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What did agencies focus on instead of assessing actual practice in countries that adopted PHC as a policy?

The adoption of PHC as a policy Signup and view all the answers

Why did politicians see PHC as a way to reduce expenditure in health?

To lack the political will to ensure comprehensive services Signup and view all the answers

What type of programs suited both donor agencies and governments?

Vertical, definable, time-limited programs Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason why donors became wary of funding comprehensive, broad-based programs?

Governance and corruption in the use of resources Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for governments in resource-poor countries to adopt market-driven economic reforms in the 1990s?

To receive foreign aid and debt relief Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the economic reforms in North America and Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s?

Reduced government involvement in all aspects of society Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the fall of the socialist eastern European bloc in the context of healthcare reforms?

It marked a shift towards market-driven economic reforms Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the World Bank’s World Development Report of 1993, “Investing in Health”?

Market-driven healthcare delivery Signup and view all the answers

Why did governments in resource-poor countries reduce their expenditure on health in the 1980s and 1990s?

As their foreign debt mounted Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the World Bank’s World Development Report of 1993, “Investing in Health”, in terms of healthcare service delivery?

Shift towards market-driven healthcare delivery Signup and view all the answers