COPY: Primary Health Care (PHC) Challenges and Limitations

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of health as stated in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

  • A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing (correct)
  • The absence of disease or infirmity
  • A most important world-wide social goal
  • A fundamental human right

What is the primary goal of the health sector as stated in the Alma-Ata Declaration?

  • To provide access to basic health services
  • To promote community-based preventive services
  • To attain the highest possible level of health (correct)
  • To reduce the gap in healthcare access

What is the model of healthcare services adopted by the Alma-Ata Declaration?

  • Universal health care
  • Community-based health care
  • Primary health care (correct)
  • Curative health care

What is the current state of access to basic health services in resource-poor settings?

<p>Many people still do not have equitable access to basic services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978?

<p>It affirmed access to basic health services as a fundamental human right (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary health care as stated in the text?

<p>It involves substantial community involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the failure of Primary Healthcare (PHC)?

<p>Refusal of experts and politicians to accept community-led healthcare (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the replacement for Primary Healthcare (PHC) in the healthcare sector?

<p>Health Sector Reform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of developing countries in the 1960s and 1970s?

<p>To provide high-standard healthcare, education, and other services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary beneficiary of the healthcare budget in developing countries?

<p>Tertiary services, including teaching hospitals and medical schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main challenge to accessing healthcare services in rural areas?

<p>Access problems due to rural location (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of healthcare services in rural areas?

<p>Wide variety of services with varying standard and quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the new approach to healthcare?

<p>Community-based delivery of services with a balance of cost-effective preventive and curative programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was involved in the intersectoral approach to healthcare?

<p>Agriculture extension officers, schoolteachers, women's groups, youth groups, and ministers of religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Village Health Workers in the healthcare system?

<p>They were to be trained and used as a formal part of the healthcare system where Western-trained doctors and nurses were not available (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Alma-Ata Declaration?

<p>To attain an acceptable level of health for all people of the world by the year 2000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was seen as a potential source of funding for the healthcare initiative?

<p>A genuine policy of independence, peace, détente and disarmament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Alma-Ata Declaration for national governments?

<p>They adopted PHC as their official blueprint for total population coverage with essential PHC services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons why ordinary people bypassed PHC to attend secondary and tertiary centers?

<p>Lack of essential medicines at the PHC level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affected the ability of PHC to maintain comprehensive services in many sub-Saharan countries?

<p>Civil war and natural disasters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did agencies focus on instead of assessing actual practice in countries that adopted PHC as a policy?

<p>The adoption of PHC as a policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did politicians see PHC as a way to reduce expenditure in health?

<p>To lack the political will to ensure comprehensive services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of programs suited both donor agencies and governments?

<p>Vertical, definable, time-limited programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason why donors became wary of funding comprehensive, broad-based programs?

<p>Governance and corruption in the use of resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for governments in resource-poor countries to adopt market-driven economic reforms in the 1990s?

<p>To receive foreign aid and debt relief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the economic reforms in North America and Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s?

<p>Reduced government involvement in all aspects of society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the fall of the socialist eastern European bloc in the context of healthcare reforms?

<p>It marked a shift towards market-driven economic reforms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the World Bank’s World Development Report of 1993, “Investing in Health”?

<p>Market-driven healthcare delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did governments in resource-poor countries reduce their expenditure on health in the 1980s and 1990s?

<p>As their foreign debt mounted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the World Bank’s World Development Report of 1993, “Investing in Health”, in terms of healthcare service delivery?

<p>Shift towards market-driven healthcare delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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