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Questions and Answers
The primary ______ cortex is the first cortical region that receives somatosensory information.
The primary ______ cortex is the first cortical region that receives somatosensory information.
somatosensory
Information is sent to the primary cortex for ______, then to the association cortex to identify what was perceived.
Information is sent to the primary cortex for ______, then to the association cortex to identify what was perceived.
perception
Most of our brain is made out of ______ cortex.
Most of our brain is made out of ______ cortex.
association
Projection tracts interconnect primary cortical areas to ______ structures.
Projection tracts interconnect primary cortical areas to ______ structures.
Association tracts are the ______ and interconnected regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere.
Association tracts are the ______ and interconnected regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere.
Cerebral arteries provide ______ to the cortex, which is essential for cell function.
Cerebral arteries provide ______ to the cortex, which is essential for cell function.
The ACA provides blood to the prefrontal area which is responsible for our ______, inhibition, and higher level cognitive processes.
The ACA provides blood to the prefrontal area which is responsible for our ______, inhibition, and higher level cognitive processes.
Continuous flow of blood is necessary; without it, cells will undergo ______, particularly in the CNS.
Continuous flow of blood is necessary; without it, cells will undergo ______, particularly in the CNS.
The primary motor cortex sends signals to ______
The primary motor cortex sends signals to ______
Wernicke’s area is primarily involved in language ______
Wernicke’s area is primarily involved in language ______
The primary auditory complex is located in the ______ lobe.
The primary auditory complex is located in the ______ lobe.
The angular and supramarginal gyri have implications for reading and ______.
The angular and supramarginal gyri have implications for reading and ______.
The visual association cortex is located in the ______ lobe.
The visual association cortex is located in the ______ lobe.
Before neuroimaging, doctors used postmortem examination to study the ______.
Before neuroimaging, doctors used postmortem examination to study the ______.
Functional neuroimaging seeks to understand the location or timing of task-dependent neural ______ in the brain.
Functional neuroimaging seeks to understand the location or timing of task-dependent neural ______ in the brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides decent spatial resolution for viewing ______ regions during tasks.
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides decent spatial resolution for viewing ______ regions during tasks.
The dominant paradigm based on a neoclassical connectionist model of aphasia is known as the ______ paradigm.
The dominant paradigm based on a neoclassical connectionist model of aphasia is known as the ______ paradigm.
Broca’s area is located in the ______ convolution, which is also known as the inferior frontal gyrus.
Broca’s area is located in the ______ convolution, which is also known as the inferior frontal gyrus.
The underlying impairment identified by Schuell in aphasia is primarily focused on ______ processing.
The underlying impairment identified by Schuell in aphasia is primarily focused on ______ processing.
Brown's microgenetic theory reflects the involvement of neural regions in a sequence dictated by ______ and development.
Brown's microgenetic theory reflects the involvement of neural regions in a sequence dictated by ______ and development.
Cognitive neuropsychological models of aphasia utilize single-word processing studies to identify breakdowns in auditory and visual word ______.
Cognitive neuropsychological models of aphasia utilize single-word processing studies to identify breakdowns in auditory and visual word ______.
Verbal semantic paraphasia involves word errors that are ______ related to the intended word.
Verbal semantic paraphasia involves word errors that are ______ related to the intended word.
Agrammatism is characterized by reduced function words and reliance on ______ words.
Agrammatism is characterized by reduced function words and reliance on ______ words.
The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) is known for its high test-retest ______.
The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) is known for its high test-retest ______.
Classification of aphasia can be based on factors like fluency, auditory verbal comprehension, and ______.
Classification of aphasia can be based on factors like fluency, auditory verbal comprehension, and ______.
Despite the benefits, the pros and cons of classification highlight that each person's patterns of aphasia can vary, making it difficult to fit them into a specific ______.
Despite the benefits, the pros and cons of classification highlight that each person's patterns of aphasia can vary, making it difficult to fit them into a specific ______.
The classification of fluent aphasia involves poor auditory ______.
The classification of fluent aphasia involves poor auditory ______.
In non-fluent aphasia, utterance length is very ______.
In non-fluent aphasia, utterance length is very ______.
A basic aspect of fluent aphasia is preserved ______ facility.
A basic aspect of fluent aphasia is preserved ______ facility.
Schuell’s Classification System identifies five groups, including simple aphasia and aphasia with ______ involvement affecting speech.
Schuell’s Classification System identifies five groups, including simple aphasia and aphasia with ______ involvement affecting speech.
One of the benefits of the classification test is that it has high ______ reliability.
One of the benefits of the classification test is that it has high ______ reliability.
A con of the classification system is that patients may be ______ into categories.
A con of the classification system is that patients may be ______ into categories.
The similarities in classification between the WAB and BDAE are only ______%.
The similarities in classification between the WAB and BDAE are only ______%.
Co-occurring impairments may ______ the effectiveness of rehabilitation.
Co-occurring impairments may ______ the effectiveness of rehabilitation.
FMRI measures brain activity during ______ as compared with during task performance.
FMRI measures brain activity during ______ as compared with during task performance.
Approximately ______ people in the U.S. have a stroke each year.
Approximately ______ people in the U.S. have a stroke each year.
The cost of strokes in the U.S. is about ______ billion each year.
The cost of strokes in the U.S. is about ______ billion each year.
In 2011, strokes accounted for 1 in ______ deaths in the U.S.
In 2011, strokes accounted for 1 in ______ deaths in the U.S.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects about ______ million people each year.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects about ______ million people each year.
As of 2013, about ______ million people are living with Alzheimer's disease.
As of 2013, about ______ million people are living with Alzheimer's disease.
WHO defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social ______.
WHO defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social ______.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself following ______.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself following ______.
The first stage of the illness experience involves ______ and suspicion that something is wrong.
The first stage of the illness experience involves ______ and suspicion that something is wrong.
In Stage 3 of the illness experience, individuals focus on regaining ______.
In Stage 3 of the illness experience, individuals focus on regaining ______.
There is a significant comorbidity of mood disorders and ______ in cases of brain injury.
There is a significant comorbidity of mood disorders and ______ in cases of brain injury.
Chronicity of illness includes stages such as shock, realization, denial, mourning, and ______.
Chronicity of illness includes stages such as shock, realization, denial, mourning, and ______.
Individual factors affecting adaptation include age, cognitive ability, and ______.
Individual factors affecting adaptation include age, cognitive ability, and ______.
Assessment of quality of life evaluates not only health but also independence and social ______.
Assessment of quality of life evaluates not only health but also independence and social ______.
Aphasia is defined as an acquired neurogenic language disorder typically due to damage in the ______ hemisphere.
Aphasia is defined as an acquired neurogenic language disorder typically due to damage in the ______ hemisphere.
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Study Notes
Primary Cortex and Association Cortex
- Primary somatosensory cortex is the first area for processing somatosensory information.
- Information moves from the primary cortex for perception to the association cortex for identification and recognition.
- Most of the brain comprises the association cortex, which aids in identifying and understanding perceptions.
White Matter Tracts
- Three types of white matter tracts:
- Projection tracts connect primary cortical areas to deeper brain structures.
- Association tracts interconnect various regions within the same hemisphere.
- Commissural tracts link homologous areas across left and right hemispheres.
Blood Supply to the Brain
- Continuous blood flow is crucial for cell function; interruptions can lead to cell death.
- Cerebral arteries:
- Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) supplies blood to the prefrontal cortex for cognitive functions like judgment and inhibition.
- Other important areas:
- Wernicke’s area (language comprehension in temporal lobe).
- Primary auditory complex (auditory perception).
- Angular and supramarginal gyri (reading and writing).
- Visual association cortex (interprets visual linguistic stimuli).
Neuroimaging Techniques
- Prior to neuroimaging, postmortem brain examinations were standard.
- Structural neuroimaging focuses on brain anatomy:
- CT scans are cost-effective and can differentiate stroke types but are not always diagnostic.
- MRI provides detailed imaging of tissue types and densities, albeit at a higher cost and specific contraindications.
- Functional neuroimaging measures brain activity during tasks:
- PET scans provide decent spatial resolution for viewing active neural regions.
- fMRI assesses brain function without needing radioactive tracers.
Statistics of Neural Injury and Disorders
- Approximately 795,000 strokes occur annually in the U.S., costing about $34 billion.
- Stroke is the 6th leading cause of death and a major source of long-term disability.
- Around 2.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur annually, affecting mainly children and older adults.
- In 2013, 5 million individuals had Alzheimer's disease in the U.S., underscoring significant health impacts.
Social Context of Disorders and Intervention Goals
- Intervention aims to enhance daily life functioning, tailored to individual significance.
- Quality of life definitions evolved from an absence of illness to a holistic view encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Personal and social factors, such as family support, employment, and community stability, play a major role in coping and recovery.
- Focus on neuroplasticity and rehabilitation aims to reorganize brain function following injuries.
Illness Experience Stages
- Stage 1: Uncertainty about health issues; family members are concerned.
- Stage 2: Disruption of daily life; families assume responsibility and monitor behaviors.
- Stage 3: Regaining self; individuals set rehabilitation goals and families renegotiate support roles.
- Stage 4: Attaining mastery and closure; families gradually relinquish control as patients regain independence.
Comorbidity of Mood Disorders
- Recognizing and treating depression can significantly benefit patients and families.
- In brain injury cases, depression is common, impacting overall well-being.
- Current practice involves proactive treatment of depression rather than a wait-and-see approach.
Chronicity of Illness
- Chronicity refers to the long duration of health impairments.
- Stages of emotional reaction to chronic illness include shock, realization, denial, mourning, and adaptation.
Coping and Adaptation
- Both individual traits (age, cognition, personality) and external factors (family, culture) influence coping mechanisms.
- Quality of life assessments include physical and psychological health, independence, and social relationships.
Understanding Aphasia
- Aphasia is an acquired language disorder stemming from left hemisphere damage, not merely sensory, motor, or cognitive deficits.
- Crossed aphasia arises from the nondominant hemisphere affecting language skills.
Theories and Models in Aphasia
- Theories propose mechanisms behind aphasia; models visualize these theories for application and testing.
- Classical connectionist model: association centers in the brain (Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas) determine language function.
Signs, Symptoms, and Classification
- Types of paraphasias include verbal semantic, literal, neologistic, and stereotypies.
- Anomia refers to naming impairments; agrammatism and comprehension issues are also prevalent.
Assessment and Classification of Aphasia
- Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) provides a reliable classification system but can force individuals into rigid categories.
- Classification considers fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming abilities.
Best Practices for Intervention
- Focus on individual-language impairment characteristics rather than forced classification.
- Regular assessments ensure personalized rehabilitation strategies for each patient’s unique profile.
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