Questions and Answers
The primary ______ cortex is the first cortical region that receives somatosensory information.
somatosensory
Information is sent to the primary cortex for ______, then to the association cortex to identify what was perceived.
perception
Most of our brain is made out of ______ cortex.
association
Projection tracts interconnect primary cortical areas to ______ structures.
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Association tracts are the ______ and interconnected regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere.
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Cerebral arteries provide ______ to the cortex, which is essential for cell function.
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The ACA provides blood to the prefrontal area which is responsible for our ______, inhibition, and higher level cognitive processes.
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Continuous flow of blood is necessary; without it, cells will undergo ______, particularly in the CNS.
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The primary motor cortex sends signals to ______
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Wernicke’s area is primarily involved in language ______
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The primary auditory complex is located in the ______ lobe.
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The angular and supramarginal gyri have implications for reading and ______.
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The visual association cortex is located in the ______ lobe.
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Before neuroimaging, doctors used postmortem examination to study the ______.
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Functional neuroimaging seeks to understand the location or timing of task-dependent neural ______ in the brain.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) provides decent spatial resolution for viewing ______ regions during tasks.
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The dominant paradigm based on a neoclassical connectionist model of aphasia is known as the ______ paradigm.
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Broca’s area is located in the ______ convolution, which is also known as the inferior frontal gyrus.
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The underlying impairment identified by Schuell in aphasia is primarily focused on ______ processing.
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Brown's microgenetic theory reflects the involvement of neural regions in a sequence dictated by ______ and development.
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Cognitive neuropsychological models of aphasia utilize single-word processing studies to identify breakdowns in auditory and visual word ______.
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Verbal semantic paraphasia involves word errors that are ______ related to the intended word.
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Agrammatism is characterized by reduced function words and reliance on ______ words.
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The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) is known for its high test-retest ______.
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Classification of aphasia can be based on factors like fluency, auditory verbal comprehension, and ______.
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Despite the benefits, the pros and cons of classification highlight that each person's patterns of aphasia can vary, making it difficult to fit them into a specific ______.
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The classification of fluent aphasia involves poor auditory ______.
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In non-fluent aphasia, utterance length is very ______.
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A basic aspect of fluent aphasia is preserved ______ facility.
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Schuell’s Classification System identifies five groups, including simple aphasia and aphasia with ______ involvement affecting speech.
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One of the benefits of the classification test is that it has high ______ reliability.
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A con of the classification system is that patients may be ______ into categories.
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The similarities in classification between the WAB and BDAE are only ______%.
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Co-occurring impairments may ______ the effectiveness of rehabilitation.
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FMRI measures brain activity during ______ as compared with during task performance.
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Approximately ______ people in the U.S. have a stroke each year.
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The cost of strokes in the U.S. is about ______ billion each year.
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In 2011, strokes accounted for 1 in ______ deaths in the U.S.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects about ______ million people each year.
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As of 2013, about ______ million people are living with Alzheimer's disease.
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WHO defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social ______.
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Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself following ______.
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The first stage of the illness experience involves ______ and suspicion that something is wrong.
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In Stage 3 of the illness experience, individuals focus on regaining ______.
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There is a significant comorbidity of mood disorders and ______ in cases of brain injury.
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Chronicity of illness includes stages such as shock, realization, denial, mourning, and ______.
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Individual factors affecting adaptation include age, cognitive ability, and ______.
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Assessment of quality of life evaluates not only health but also independence and social ______.
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Aphasia is defined as an acquired neurogenic language disorder typically due to damage in the ______ hemisphere.
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Study Notes
Primary Cortex and Association Cortex
- Primary somatosensory cortex is the first area for processing somatosensory information.
- Information moves from the primary cortex for perception to the association cortex for identification and recognition.
- Most of the brain comprises the association cortex, which aids in identifying and understanding perceptions.
White Matter Tracts
- Three types of white matter tracts:
- Projection tracts connect primary cortical areas to deeper brain structures.
- Association tracts interconnect various regions within the same hemisphere.
- Commissural tracts link homologous areas across left and right hemispheres.
Blood Supply to the Brain
- Continuous blood flow is crucial for cell function; interruptions can lead to cell death.
- Cerebral arteries:
- Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) supplies blood to the prefrontal cortex for cognitive functions like judgment and inhibition.
- Other important areas:
- Wernicke’s area (language comprehension in temporal lobe).
- Primary auditory complex (auditory perception).
- Angular and supramarginal gyri (reading and writing).
- Visual association cortex (interprets visual linguistic stimuli).
Neuroimaging Techniques
- Prior to neuroimaging, postmortem brain examinations were standard.
- Structural neuroimaging focuses on brain anatomy:
- CT scans are cost-effective and can differentiate stroke types but are not always diagnostic.
- MRI provides detailed imaging of tissue types and densities, albeit at a higher cost and specific contraindications.
- Functional neuroimaging measures brain activity during tasks:
- PET scans provide decent spatial resolution for viewing active neural regions.
- fMRI assesses brain function without needing radioactive tracers.
Statistics of Neural Injury and Disorders
- Approximately 795,000 strokes occur annually in the U.S., costing about $34 billion.
- Stroke is the 6th leading cause of death and a major source of long-term disability.
- Around 2.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur annually, affecting mainly children and older adults.
- In 2013, 5 million individuals had Alzheimer's disease in the U.S., underscoring significant health impacts.
Social Context of Disorders and Intervention Goals
- Intervention aims to enhance daily life functioning, tailored to individual significance.
- Quality of life definitions evolved from an absence of illness to a holistic view encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Personal and social factors, such as family support, employment, and community stability, play a major role in coping and recovery.
- Focus on neuroplasticity and rehabilitation aims to reorganize brain function following injuries.
Illness Experience Stages
- Stage 1: Uncertainty about health issues; family members are concerned.
- Stage 2: Disruption of daily life; families assume responsibility and monitor behaviors.
- Stage 3: Regaining self; individuals set rehabilitation goals and families renegotiate support roles.
- Stage 4: Attaining mastery and closure; families gradually relinquish control as patients regain independence.
Comorbidity of Mood Disorders
- Recognizing and treating depression can significantly benefit patients and families.
- In brain injury cases, depression is common, impacting overall well-being.
- Current practice involves proactive treatment of depression rather than a wait-and-see approach.
Chronicity of Illness
- Chronicity refers to the long duration of health impairments.
- Stages of emotional reaction to chronic illness include shock, realization, denial, mourning, and adaptation.
Coping and Adaptation
- Both individual traits (age, cognition, personality) and external factors (family, culture) influence coping mechanisms.
- Quality of life assessments include physical and psychological health, independence, and social relationships.
Understanding Aphasia
- Aphasia is an acquired language disorder stemming from left hemisphere damage, not merely sensory, motor, or cognitive deficits.
- Crossed aphasia arises from the nondominant hemisphere affecting language skills.
Theories and Models in Aphasia
- Theories propose mechanisms behind aphasia; models visualize these theories for application and testing.
- Classical connectionist model: association centers in the brain (Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas) determine language function.
Signs, Symptoms, and Classification
- Types of paraphasias include verbal semantic, literal, neologistic, and stereotypies.
- Anomia refers to naming impairments; agrammatism and comprehension issues are also prevalent.
Assessment and Classification of Aphasia
- Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) provides a reliable classification system but can force individuals into rigid categories.
- Classification considers fluency, comprehension, repetition, and naming abilities.
Best Practices for Intervention
- Focus on individual-language impairment characteristics rather than forced classification.
- Regular assessments ensure personalized rehabilitation strategies for each patient’s unique profile.
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Description
Explore the primary somatosensory cortex, the first area of the brain that processes sensory information. This quiz delves into how sensory input is perceived in the primary cortex and its interaction with the association cortex for identification and recognition tasks.
