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Questions and Answers
What clinical sign is associated with a unilateral lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex?
What clinical sign is associated with a unilateral lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex?
Which clinical sign indicates a lesion below the thalamus affecting somatosensory pathways?
Which clinical sign indicates a lesion below the thalamus affecting somatosensory pathways?
What type of deficit would you expect if there is an irritative lesion along the somatosensory pathways?
What type of deficit would you expect if there is an irritative lesion along the somatosensory pathways?
What is the implication of a lesion affecting the medial lemniscus and anterior spinothalamic tract?
What is the implication of a lesion affecting the medial lemniscus and anterior spinothalamic tract?
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In the case of lesions along the trigeminal lemniscus and lateral spinothalamic tract, which sensory quality would be affected?
In the case of lesions along the trigeminal lemniscus and lateral spinothalamic tract, which sensory quality would be affected?
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What is the primary characteristic of cervical osteochondrosis compared to lumbar osteochondrosis?
What is the primary characteristic of cervical osteochondrosis compared to lumbar osteochondrosis?
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Which of the following best describes the consequence of osteochondrosis on the intervertebral disks?
Which of the following best describes the consequence of osteochondrosis on the intervertebral disks?
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In relation to the lumbar region, which intervertebral disk is noted to be narrower than others?
In relation to the lumbar region, which intervertebral disk is noted to be narrower than others?
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What are common results of disk herniation and stenosis in the intervertebral foramina?
What are common results of disk herniation and stenosis in the intervertebral foramina?
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Which statement about reflexes in the context of damage from osteochondrosis is correct?
Which statement about reflexes in the context of damage from osteochondrosis is correct?
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What clinical sign is associated with posterior column lesions?
What clinical sign is associated with posterior column lesions?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
Which structure is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
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What occurs during the decussation of the pyramids?
What occurs during the decussation of the pyramids?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of posterior root lesions?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of posterior root lesions?
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Which cranial nerve nuclei are affected by the corticonuclear (corticobulbar) tract?
Which cranial nerve nuclei are affected by the corticonuclear (corticobulbar) tract?
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What characterizes the dissociated sensory deficit found in posterior horn lesions?
What characterizes the dissociated sensory deficit found in posterior horn lesions?
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What is the primary pathway for voluntary motor control from the motor cortex?
What is the primary pathway for voluntary motor control from the motor cortex?
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Which clinical sign is indicative of lateral spinothalamic tract lesions?
Which clinical sign is indicative of lateral spinothalamic tract lesions?
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Which pathway is primarily involved in modulating planned movements from the cortex to the cerebellum?
Which pathway is primarily involved in modulating planned movements from the cortex to the cerebellum?
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In the acute phase of central motor pathways lesion, what initial reflex phenomenon occurs?
In the acute phase of central motor pathways lesion, what initial reflex phenomenon occurs?
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Which nuclei are influenced by the extrapyramidal tract originating from the cortex?
Which nuclei are influenced by the extrapyramidal tract originating from the cortex?
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What type of movement is primarily controlled by the lateral and medial motor tracts in the spinal cord?
What type of movement is primarily controlled by the lateral and medial motor tracts in the spinal cord?
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During the recovery phase of central spastic paresis, which is an expected change in the reflexes?
During the recovery phase of central spastic paresis, which is an expected change in the reflexes?
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What results from the loss of descending central inhibitory control in the central motor pathways?
What results from the loss of descending central inhibitory control in the central motor pathways?
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Which motor tract is primarily responsible for enabling the influence of the cerebellum and brainstem motor nuclei on spinal cord motor function?
Which motor tract is primarily responsible for enabling the influence of the cerebellum and brainstem motor nuclei on spinal cord motor function?
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What characterizes the syndrome of central spastic paresis?
What characterizes the syndrome of central spastic paresis?
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Which statement accurately describes the initial phase of spinal cord hemisection syndrome?
Which statement accurately describes the initial phase of spinal cord hemisection syndrome?
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What is primarily affected in cervical vertebrae spinal cord transections above the 3rd CV?
What is primarily affected in cervical vertebrae spinal cord transections above the 3rd CV?
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Which syndrome involves spastic or flaccid paresis affecting the lower limb with preserved Achilles reflex?
Which syndrome involves spastic or flaccid paresis affecting the lower limb with preserved Achilles reflex?
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What characterizes the sensory deficits in Cauda Equina Syndrome?
What characterizes the sensory deficits in Cauda Equina Syndrome?
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Which symptom is associated with Conus Syndrome?
Which symptom is associated with Conus Syndrome?
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Which type of spinal cord injury presents with vasomotor disturbances and hyperreflexia?
Which type of spinal cord injury presents with vasomotor disturbances and hyperreflexia?
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In which spinal cord level injury would you expect to find impairment of control in breathing?
In which spinal cord level injury would you expect to find impairment of control in breathing?
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Which reflex is commonly preserved in patients with Epiconus Syndrome?
Which reflex is commonly preserved in patients with Epiconus Syndrome?
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What type of pain is characteristic of Cauda Equina Syndrome?
What type of pain is characteristic of Cauda Equina Syndrome?
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Which condition results in saddle anesthesia and loss of anal reflex?
Which condition results in saddle anesthesia and loss of anal reflex?
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Study Notes
Sense of Touch and Somatosensory System
- Primary somatosensory cortex located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, corresponding to Brodmann areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2.
- Unilateral lesions cause impaired perception of noxious, thermal, and tactile stimuli on the opposite body side, leading to contralateral discrimination and positioning issues (astereognosis).
Somatosensory Deficits from Lesions
- Lesions along somatosensory pathways can result in paresthesia (tingling, numbness) in the contralateral limb, often more severe distally than proximally.
- Irritative lesions may cause sensory focal seizures (Jacksonian seizures).
Specific Lesion Outcomes
- Lesions below the thalamus affect all sensory qualities on the opposite side.
- Damage affecting somatosensory pathways (excluding pain and temperature) results in hypesthesia on the opposite side, with pain and temperature sensations intact.
- Lesion of the trigeminal lemniscus and lateral spinothalamic tract affects pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side but preserves other sensory modalitoies.
Cortical and Spinal Column Considerations
- Medial lemniscus and anterior spinothalamic tract lesions impair all somatosensory modalities except pain and temperature on the contralateral body.
- Posterior column lesions result in loss of position and vibration sense, and ipsilateral ataxia occurs.
- Posterior horn lesions cause loss of ipsilateral pain and temperature sensation, while maintaining other modalities (dissociated sensory deficit).
Lesions of Central Motor Pathways
- Central spastic paresis presents initially with hypoactive deep tendon reflexes and muscle flaccidity, later progressing to hyperactive reflexes.
- Loss of descending central inhibitory control increases muscle spindle sensitivity, resulting in spastic symptoms.
Spinal Cord Syndromes
- Brown-Sequard Syndrome results from spinal trauma, producing flaccid paralysis followed by spasticity, loss of ipsilateral position, vibration, and tactile sense, and contralateral pain and temperature loss.
Spinal Cord Transection Syndromes
- Transection at cervical vertebrae above C3 is fatal due to respiratory paralysis.
- Thoracic verterae damage leads to paraparesis with preserved upper limb function.
- Lumbar lesions can cause flaccid paraplegia and urinary/fecal incontinence.
Specific Syndromes
- Epiconus Syndrome (L4-S2) results in lower limb paresis, bladder/bowel disturbances, and transient sweating loss.
- Conus Syndrome (below S3) leads to detrusor areflexia, sexual dysfunction, and saddle anesthesia.
- Cauda Equina Syndrome affects lumbar and sacral roots, leading to severe radicular pain and sensory deficits in lower limbs and saddle area.
Nerve Root Syndromes
- Intervertebral discs may degenerate with aging, leading to osteochondrosis, which narrows the intervertebral disc height and causes conditions like stenosis and herniation.
- Cervical osteochondrosis is common, often affecting C5-6 and C6-7, resulting in dermatomal pain and sensory deficits.
- Lumbar region herniation typically affects L5-S1 and L4-L5, causing muscle weakness and atrophy without autonomic deficits.
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Description
This quiz covers the functions and implications of the primary somatosensory cortex located in the postcentral gyrus. It explores the effects of unilateral lesions on sensory perception and the involved Brodmann areas. Test your understanding of sensory processing and brain anatomy.
