Primary Aldosteronism and Hyperaldosteronism

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What is the typical size range of aldosterone-producing adenomas?

1-32 mm in diameter (correct)

5-10 mm in diameter

10-50 mm in diameter

1-5 mm in diameter

What type of cells are typically found in aldosterone-producing adenomas?

Lipid-poor, zona glomerulosa-like cells

Compact, basophilic cells

Compact, eosinophilic cells

Lipid-rich, zona fasciculata-like cells (correct)

What is the underlying cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Mutation in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene

Excess aldosterone production by the adrenal gland

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system due to an extra-adrenal cause (correct)

Adrenal cortical adenoma

What is a rare cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Renin-secreting tumor (reninoma) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of hyperaldosteronism?

Hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on sodium levels?

Increased sodium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood pressure?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on metabolic balance?

Metabolic Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Primary Aldosteronism cases are attributed to Bilateral Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism?

60% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mutations is associated with Aldosterone-producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma?

KCNJ5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of Familial Hyperaldosteronism in Primary Aldosteronism cases?

5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of aldosterone synthase in Aldosterone-producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma?

Autonomous aldosterone synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the context of Primary Aldosteronism?

Regulation of aldosterone synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of ATP1A1 mutations associated with Aldosterone-producing Adrenal Cortical Adenoma?

5.3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Hyperaldosteronism in Primary Aldosteronism?

Bilateral Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Mineralocorticoid Excess in the context of Primary Aldosteronism?

Hypertension and hypokalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the adrenal gland?

Regulation of blood pressure through sodium and water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

Unilateral mass that is mostly benign Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism in primary hyperaldosteronism cases?

60% Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare genetic condition that causes familial hyperaldosteronism?

Different genetic causes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of aldosterone in the kidneys?

Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Autonomous overproduction of aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the adrenal cortex responsible for producing aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in patients with aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

To remove the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism on adrenal function?

Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mineralocorticoid receptor?

Regulation of electrolyte balance and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary hyperaldosteronism and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Source of aldosterone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the saline suppression test in the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism?

To suppress aldosterone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of familial hyperaldosteronism and primary hyperaldosteronism?

Autonomous aldosterone production Signup and view all the answers

What is the medication of choice for the treatment of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism?

Spironolactone Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on potassium levels?

Decrease potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring cortisol levels in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

To establish a baseline for further testing Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected result of a dexamethasone suppression test in a patient with a pituitary microadenoma?

Cortisol levels drop significantly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for pituitary microadenoma in Cushing's syndrome?

Surgical resection of the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential complication of suddenly stopping exogenous medications in Cushing's syndrome?

Adrenal crisis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ketoconazole and metyrapone in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome?

To inhibit adrenal steroid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of imaging studies in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?

To identify the location of the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected result of measuring ACTH levels in a patient with adrenal neoplasms?

ACTH levels are low Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in Cushing's syndrome?

To reduce cortisol levels Signup and view all the answers