Preventive Services in Child Health

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases can be prevented through immunization?

Diphtheria (correct)

Heart Disease

Diabetes

Asthma

Continuity of care is unnecessary for a child's health service delivery.

False

What is the recommended age for the last dose of the hepatitis B vaccine?

24 weeks

The __________ vaccine is administered to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella.

MMR Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vaccines with their preventable diseases:

Hepatitis B = Hepatitis B virus DTaP = Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis MMR = Measles, Mumps, Rubella Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing preventive medical and dental services for children?

To improve overall health status Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of preventive services for children.

Immunization and nutritional education Signup and view all the answers

Health care check-ups are not considered an important aspect of preventive care.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age for the BCG vaccine in developing countries?

At birth Signup and view all the answers

The influenza vaccine is recommended annually for all children without any specific health conditions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of health check-ups during infancy?

Identify children at risk Signup and view all the answers

The Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for children in selected States and regions and for certain high-risk _______.

groups Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vaccinations with their recommended timing or conditions:

Chickenpox Vaccine = Single dose for >12 years Pneumococcal Vaccine = Timing not specified Influenza Vaccine = Annually for high-risk children Hepatitis A Vaccine = Administered 6 months apart Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions are risk factors for influenza vaccination?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

Routine health check-ups should begin at age 2 for dental health.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many doses are recommended for the Hepatitis A vaccine?

Two doses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Child Health - Preventive Services

Many childhood, adolescent, and adult diseases can be prevented or lessened in severity with early detection.
Preventive medical and dental services for children improve overall health by reducing preventable illnesses and diseases.
Continuity of care is essential in children's preventative services to track physical, developmental, and emotional health trends over time.
If providers change, a smooth transfer of complete information and records is needed for continuity.

Immunization

Immunization prevents several easily preventable childhood diseases, contributing significantly to reduced morbidity and mortality.
Key diseases covered by immunization include Tuberculosis (TB), Diphtheria, Pertussis, Neonatal tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Measles, and Viral hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine

All infants should receive the first dose of Hepatitis B vaccine soon after birth and before hospital discharge.
The second dose should be administered at least 4 weeks after the first dose.
The third dose should be administered at least 16 weeks after the first dose and at least 8 weeks after the second dose.
The final dose (third or fourth) should not be administered before 24 weeks of age.

Other Immunizations

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine (2, 4, 6, 12)
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR)
Varicella vaccine (chickenpox) – Not a routine vaccination (<12, single dose or >13y, 2 doses 4wks apart)
Pneumococcal vaccine
Hepatitis A vaccine – Recommended for specific groups and regions, requiring at least 6 months between doses
Influenza vaccine – Recommended annually for children 6 months and older with certain risk factors (asthma, cardiac disease, SCD, HIV infection, and diabetes); also recommended for household members of high-risk individuals

BCG Vaccine

In developing countries, BCG vaccine is given intradermally for tuberculosis prophylaxis in the first year of life, often within the first week after birth.
It is not typically recommended in developed countries due to low disease risk.

Health Checkups

Newborns should be examined twice: within the first 24 hours after birth and just before discharge.
Monthly health checkups throughout infancy are necessary, including during routine immunization sessions.
Checkup data can assist in identifying children at risk of developing particular conditions.
Screening or diagnostic tests and home visits may be necessary.

Health Checkups: Ages 0–18 Months and Beyond

Medical history and exam at ages birth to 18 months/2 to 10 years/11 to 18
Birth to 18 Months:*
Height, weight, hearing, vision, head measurements, and growth, development, behavior assessment.
Lead poisoning screening (9–12 months)
Hematocrit/Hemoglobin (9–12 months)
Tuberculin skin test (by age 12 months, annually for high-risk)
HIV testing for infants born to mothers with unknown HIV status
2–10 years:*
Medical history and exam: ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10
Height, weight, hearing, vision, and growth, development, and behavior assessment
Head measurement (until age 2)
Blood pressure (starting at age 3)
Cholesterol (from history or blood tests)
Urinalysis (age 5)
Tuberculin skin test (annually for high risk)
11–18 years:*
Medical history and exam once a year
Height, weight, hearing, vision, growth, development, and behavior assessment; BMI once a year
Blood pressure – each visit
Cholesterol (from history or blood tests); routine testing starting at 18
Rubella vaccination history or blood test for females of childbearing age

Health Checkups: Additional Considerations

Sexually active females: Urinalysis beginning at age 11, screen for sexually active individuals; routine HIV screening beginning at age 13, pelvic exam and Pap test once a year for women age 21 or within 3 years of first intercourse
Follow-up for high-risk conditions:*
other high-risk conditions including hepatitis A, B, C, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and HIV

Health Education

Child Rearing: Proper cleaning, bathing, and importance of sun exposure
Immunization: Benefits, timing, and possible side effects
Family Planning: Indirectly related to child health

Nutritional Education

Breastfeeding: Preferred food for infants; best protection against life-threatening illness; promotes healthy mother-infant bonding and birth spacing reducing infant mortality rates
Initiation & Maintenance of Breastfeeding: Mother-infant bonding; early initiation; exclusive breastfeeding within the first 6 months of life; appropriate complementary semisolid food introduction after 6 months; continuation through at least the second year of life; avoidance of bottle or pacifier use.

Weaning Period Risks

Malnutrition: Weaning foods tend to be less nutritious and less energy-dense than breast milk.
Contamination: Weaning food contamination risk is higher, leading to diarrhea, and can exacerbate malnutrition.
Diseases: Breastfeeding reduces the risk of allergies, asthma, autoimmune thyroid conditions, bacterial meningitis, breast cancer, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, diabetes, eczema, gastroenteritis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, necrotizing enterocolitis, multiple sclerosis, obesity, otitis media (ear infection), respiratory infection, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tract infection, and others.

Safe Supplementary Feeding

Begin at 6 months of age.
Avoid abrupt weaning.
Improve nutritional value of traditional weaning foods.
Ensure food is freshly prepared
Continue breastfeeding alongside supplements until the end of the second year of life
Ensure hygiene and cleanliness during food preparation
Introduce foods in small quantities and gradually increase amounts
Avoid starvation during diarrheal episodes
Introduce foods in an appealing and colorful manner.

Dental Education

Oral Health: Causes and prevention of dental disease, proper oral hygiene (brushing), nutrition's effect on teeth, cleaning, scaling, and stain removal.
Fluoride Application: Topical fluoride application prevents dental decay, and annual applications can reduce decay risk by up to 20% in high-risk individuals
Dental Sealants: Clear plastic coatings to prevent decay in deep grooves on molars; application is effective

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Description

This quiz covers essential preventive services for children's health, focusing on immunization and the importance of early detection in preventing diseases. It emphasizes the continuity of care and the role of vaccinations like the Hepatitis B vaccine in ensuring overall health. Test your knowledge on childhood health services and their impact on disease prevention.